Smart video colÂlecÂtions keep appearÂing on YouTube. But rather antiÂthetÂiÂcal to the ethos of its parÂent comÂpaÂny (Google), YouTube unforÂtuÂnateÂly makes these colÂlecÂtions difÂfiÂcult to find. So we’ve decidÂed to do the job for them. These enriching/educational videos come from media outÂlets, culÂturÂal instiÂtuÂtions, uniÂverÂsiÂties and non-profÂits. There are about 70 colÂlecÂtions in total, and the list will grow over time. If we’re missÂing anyÂthing good, feel free to let us know, and we’ll hapÂpiÂly add them. You can find the comÂplete list below the jump.
The MidÂdle EastÂern news serÂvice, which has genÂerÂatÂed its share of conÂtroÂverÂsy, now airs broadÂcasts in EngÂlish and presents them here.
The leadÂing human rights orgaÂniÂzaÂtion brings you varÂiÂous videos outÂlinÂing human rights conÂcerns across the globe, and the work they’re doing to improve conÂdiÂtions.
A series of videos proÂmotÂing proÂgrams comÂing out of Britain’s main media outÂlet. UnforÂtuÂnateÂly many of these videos are short and not entireÂly subÂstanÂtive. A missed opporÂtuÂniÂty.
A resource designed to proÂvide insight into the comÂplex interÂnaÂtionÂal issues chalÂlengÂing polÂiÂcyÂmakÂers and citÂiÂzens alike. (more…)
In advance of tomorÂrow’s release of the new 3G iPhone, Apple has launched its new App Store on iTunes, which feaÂtures new tools that will immeÂdiÂateÂly make the iPhone (and iPod Touch) a more verÂsaÂtile — and, in some casÂes, enlightÂenÂing — device. Below, we have highÂlightÂed ten apps worth explorÂing if you’re hunÂgry for enrichÂing inforÂmaÂtion. 9 of the 10 are free. (Please note: To access the App Store, you will need to downÂload the latÂest verÂsion of iTunes (here) and also the new iPhone 2.0 firmware, which has yet to be offiÂcialÂly released — although you can find an unofÂfiÂcial release and direcÂtions on how to install it here. The offiÂcial release should be comÂing any time now.)
1.) The New York Times: Thanks to this app, you can read “All the News That’s Fit to Print” on your iPhone. It lets you cusÂtomize the news you read, and also read artiÂcles offline.
2.) AOL Radio: One downÂside to the first genÂerÂaÂtion iPhone is that it didÂn’t allow you to access interÂnet radio. This app helps to change some of that. It gives you access to 150 CBS radio staÂtions across the US, includÂing some key news staÂtions.
3.) ManÂdarin Audio PhraseÂbook: LoneÂly PlanÂet, the pubÂlishÂer of fine travÂel guides, has proÂduced a free ManÂdarin audio phraseÂbook, which includes 630 comÂmonÂly used phrasÂes. Via the iPhone you can hear how the phrasÂes are spoÂken (and also see how they are phoÂnetÂiÂcalÂly writÂten). For $9.99, you can purÂchase phraseÂbooks in nine othÂer lanÂguages, includÂing SpanÂish, French, JapanÂese, ItalÂian, Thai, VietÂnamese and Czech. See full colÂlecÂtion here.
4.) TruÂveo Video Search: The Wall Street JourÂnal calls TruÂveo the “best web-wide video-search engine.” And now, with this TruÂveo app, you can use the iPhone to find videos from across the web, and, regardÂless of their forÂmat, play them all in one appliÂcaÂtion. This sounds like a great addiÂtion, espeÂcialÂly since many videos weren’t playable on 1st genÂerÂaÂtion iPhones.
5.) NetÂNewsWire: With this app, you can add an RSS readÂer to the iPhone, allowÂing you to read RSS feeds in a neat and clean way. It also lets you “clip” artiÂcles that you like and read them latÂer. Don’t forÂget to sign up for our feed, and you can always add more culÂturÂal feeds by perusÂing our list of 100 CulÂture Blogs.
6.) Google Mobile App: Let’s face it. In today’s inforÂmaÂtion world, Google is a must-have. And so it’s nice to have an app that makes Google and its many funcÂtionÂalÂiÂties comÂpleteÂly iPhone friendÂly.
8.) TalkÂing SpanÂish PhraseÂbook: Too busy to learn a new lanÂguage? Then you’re in luck. This app will do the talkÂing for you. It takes basic phrasÂes in EngÂlish and then conÂverts them into spoÂken SpanÂish. There are also free verÂsions in French, GerÂman, and ItalÂian.
9.) Epocrates: This free app turns your iPhone into a comÂpreÂhenÂsive drug dataÂbase. Very handy for the medÂical comÂmuÂniÂty.
10.) NearPics: If you’re travÂelÂing, and if you want to disÂcovÂer great places nearÂby, this app lets you disÂcovÂer picÂtures that have been takÂen in the vicinÂiÂty. The app offers a way to disÂcovÂer intriguÂing places (or things) that norÂmalÂly fly below the radar. Also, this othÂer app lets you put Flickr on your iPhone. More ways to satÂisÂfy your inner phoÂtogÂraÂphÂer.
There’s been no shortÂage of artiÂcles tryÂing to explain the ongoÂing housÂing and mortÂgage criÂsis. But none does a more clear and enterÂtainÂing job than this recent episode of This AmerÂiÂcan Life, “The Giant Pool of MonÂey” (iTunes — Feed — MP3). Step by step, the show traces how we got into this mess. Along the way, you’ll disÂcovÂer how 70 trilÂlion dolÂlars of globÂal monÂey needÂed to get parked someÂwhere, and it found the US housÂing marÂket. As the monÂey poured in, the AmerÂiÂcan investÂment comÂmuÂniÂty cranked out as many mortÂgages as it could. And when there were no more qualÂiÂfied home buyÂers left, the banks startÂed lowÂerÂing lendÂing stanÂdards until there were none left. In the end, even dead peoÂple were getÂting mortÂgages (sadÂly, a true stoÂry). Give the podÂcast a lisÂten. The whole debaÂcle gets pieced togethÂer in a way that you’ve probÂaÂbly nevÂer heard before.
Today, we have a guest feaÂture by AlexanÂdra Juhasz, ProÂfesÂsor of Media StudÂies at Pitzer ColÂlege, in ClareÂmont, CA. This piece conÂsolÂiÂdates lengthÂiÂer blogentries about a course she ran on YouTube, called “LearnÂing from YouTube,” in Fall 2007. The whole goal was to betÂter underÂstand this new media/cultural pheÂnomÂeÂnon, and how it can be used in the classÂroom. How did she set up this class? And what did she learn? Find out below. Take it away AlexanÂdra (and feel free to check out our YouTube playlist as well as our piece, 60 Smart Video ColÂlecÂtions on YouTube) .…
I decidÂed to teach a course about YouTube to betÂter underÂstand this recent and masÂsive media/cultural pheÂnomÂeÂnon, givÂen that I had been stuÂdiousÂly ignorÂing it (even as I recÂogÂnized its sigÂnifÂiÂcance) because every time I went there, I was seriÂousÂly underÂwhelmed by what I saw: interÂchangeÂable, bite-sized, forÂmuÂlaÂic videos referÂring either to popÂuÂlar culÂture or perÂsonÂal pain/pleasure. I called them video sloÂgans: pithy, preÂcise, rousÂing calls to action or conÂsumpÂtion, or action as conÂsumpÂtion. I was cerÂtain, howÂevÂer, that there must be video, in this vast sea, that would satÂisÂfy even my lofty stanÂdards, and figÂured my stuÂdents (givÂen their greater facilÂiÂty with a life-on-line) probÂaÂbly knew betÂter than I how to navÂiÂgate the site.
LearnÂing From YouTube was my first truÂly “stuÂdent led” course: we would deterÂmine the imporÂtant themes and relÂeÂvant methÂods togethÂer. I had decidÂed that I wantÂed the course to priÂmarÂiÂly conÂsidÂer how web 2.0 (in this case, specifÂiÂcalÂly YouTube) is radÂiÂcalÂly alterÂing the conÂdiÂtions of learnÂing (what, where, when, how we have access to inforÂmaÂtion). GivÂen that colÂlege stuÂdents are rarely asked to conÂsidÂer the meta-quesÂtions of how they learn, on top of what they are learnÂing, I thought it would be pedÂaÂgogÂiÂcalÂly useÂful for the form of the course to mirÂror YouTube’s strucÂtures for learnÂing, like its amaÂteur-led pedÂaÂgogy. Yes, on YouTube there is a great deal of user conÂtrol, but this is withÂin a limÂitÂed and also highÂly limÂitÂing set of tools. So, I did set forth the rule that all the learnÂing for the course had to be on and about YouTube. While this conÂstraint was clearÂly artiÂfiÂcial, and perÂhaps misÂleadÂing about how YouTube is used in conÂnecÂtion with a host of othÂer media platÂforms which comÂpleÂment its funcÂtionÂalÂiÂty, it did allow us to become critÂiÂcalÂly aware of the conÂstraints of its archiÂtecÂture for our atypÂiÂcal goals of highÂer eduÂcaÂtion. Thus, all assignÂments had to be proÂduced as YouTube comÂments or videos, all research had to be conÂductÂed withÂin its pages, and all classÂes were taped and put on to YouTube. This gimÂmick, plus a press release, made the course sexy enough to catch the eye of the media, mainÂstream and othÂerÂwise, allowÂing for an exhaustÂing, but self-reflexÂive lesÂson in the role and valÂue of media attenÂtion withÂin social netÂworkÂing. Beyond this, stuÂdents quickÂly realÂized how well trained they actuÂalÂly are to do acaÂdÂeÂmÂic work with the word—their expertise—and how poor is their media-proÂducÂtion litÂerÂaÂcy (there were no media proÂducÂtion skills required for the course as there are not on YouTube). (more…)
The iPod can superÂcharge your learnÂing. But it’s often a matÂter of findÂing the right softÂware and conÂtent. Below, we’ve listÂed sevÂerÂal new pieces of softÂware that will let you suck more eduÂcaÂtionÂal media (DVDs, web videos, audio files, etc.) into your iPod. And we’ve also listÂed some imporÂtant pieces of conÂtent that will make your iPod a betÂter learnÂing gadÂget. So here it goes (and be sure to see our relatÂed piece 10 Signs of IntelÂliÂgent Life at YouTube):
1) Put Wikipedia on Your Ipod:EncyÂclopoÂdia is a free piece of softÂware that brings Wikipedia to the iPod. EncyÂclopoÂdia can be installed on iPod genÂerÂaÂtions 1 through 4, as well as iPod MinÂis. DefÂiÂniteÂly worth a try.
2) Watch DVDs on Your iPod: This free, open source softÂware works on MacOS X, LinÂux and WinÂdows, and makes it simÂple to load and watch DVDs on your video iPod. Here are some helpÂful instrucÂtions to get you startÂed.
4) Make OthÂer Video ForÂmats iPod-Ready: LifeÂhackÂer recentÂly menÂtioned three othÂer pieces of softÂware that will make a variÂety of othÂer video forÂmats iPod-ready. For WinÂdows, see VideÂoÂra; for Mac, see iSquint. Or more genÂerÂalÂly see Zamzar. In a nutÂshell, these items will turn a wide range of video forÂmats into the one video forÂmat (MPEG‑4) that your iPod likes.
5) ConÂvert MP3 files into One Big iPod AudioÂbook File: DownÂloadÂing free audioÂbooks can often require you to work with a series of sepÂaÂrate mp3 files, which can make things rather cumÂberÂsome. This softÂware does you a favor and mashÂes the files into one manÂageÂable file. And it has a feaÂture that will let your Ipod rememÂber where you stopped if you decide to take a break. (If this one appeals to you, be sure to see item # 10.)
6) CreÂate eBooks for the iPod:This bit of softÂware turns text files into ebooks that you can read on your iPod. After you load a text file, it will make the text readÂable through iPod Notes (which you can find under “Extra SettÂtings”). Then, voila, a portable text. Thanks to Pachecus.com for pointÂing this one out.
7) Record Web Audio and Move it To Your iPod: Designed for Macs, iRecordÂMuÂsic enables you to easÂiÂly record audio from web pages and InterÂnet radio streams. So if you’re surfÂing the web and find a good piece of streamed audio, it lets you record it and then transÂfer the media to your iPod. The only downÂside is that the softÂware isn’t free. It will run you $24.95, but it may well be worth it. You can downÂload a triÂal verÂsion here.
8) Get a Civic EduÂcaÂtion on Your Ipod:This site allows you to downÂload to your iPod ten imporÂtant docÂuÂments that any eduÂcatÂed AmerÂiÂcan should be familÂiar with. The texts include: The DecÂlaÂraÂtion of IndeÂpenÂdence, ConÂstiÂtuÂtion of the UnitÂed States, Bill of Rights, Louisiana PurÂchase Treaty, EmanÂciÂpaÂtion ProclaÂmaÂtion, GetÂtysÂburg Address, CivÂil Rights Act, and sevÂerÂal othÂers. (Note: You can also downÂload here an iPod verÂsion of MerÂriÂam-WebÂster’s PockÂet DicÂtioÂnary for $9.95.)
9) Load Maps onto Your iPod: If you travÂel to New York City, Paris, Berlin or Moscow, how will you find your way to the museÂums? iSubÂwayMaps is the answer. It lets you downÂload subÂway maps from 24 major cities across the globe. You’ll only need an iPod with phoÂto capaÂbilÂiÂty and you’ll be good to go. (By the way, if you want to load Google Maps to your iPod, here is a tutoÂrÂiÂal that will explain how.)
10) Study ForÂeign LanÂguages, Take UniÂverÂsiÂty CoursÂes, and LisÂten to AudioÂBooks on Your iPod — All for Free: Ok, so this is a cheap but worthÂwhile plug for some of our richÂest podÂcast colÂlecÂtions. Our ForÂeign LanÂguage PodÂcast ColÂlecÂtion lets your learn over 25 difÂferÂent forÂeign lanÂguages. Our AudioÂBook podÂcast colÂlecÂtion will give you portable access to 100+ clasÂsic works of litÂerÂaÂture and nonÂficÂtion. And this uniÂverÂsiÂty podÂcast colÂlecÂtion proÂvides access to over 85 coursÂes recordÂed at leadÂing AmerÂiÂcan uniÂverÂsiÂties. Not bad, if I say so myself. For our comÂplete podÂcast library, click here.
Know of more softÂware or conÂtent that will superÂcharge your iPod? Feel free to list them in our comÂments. And if they’re good, we’ll hapÂpiÂly add them to the list.
We dug back through the hisÂtorÂiÂcal data and isoÂlatÂed the 15 most viewed posts of the year. If you’re lookÂing for a trend, one will leap out. PeoÂple like numÂbered lists. Hence anothÂer one:
Human behavÂior is notoÂriÂousÂly comÂplex, and there’s been no shortÂage of psyÂcholÂoÂgists and psyÂchoÂlogÂiÂcal theÂoÂries venÂturÂing to explain what makes us tick. Why do we get irraÂtionalÂly jealÂous? Or have midlife crises? Why do we overeat to our own detriÂment? Why do we find ourÂselves often strongÂly attractÂed to cerÂtain physÂiÂcal traits? NumerÂous theÂoÂries abound, but few are perÂhaps as novÂel and thought-proÂvokÂing as those sugÂgestÂed by a new book with a long title: Why BeauÂtiÂful PeoÂple Have More DaughÂters: From DatÂing, ShopÂping, and PrayÂing to Going to War and BecomÂing a BilÂlionÂaire — Two EvoÂluÂtionÂary PsyÂcholÂoÂgists Explain Why We Do What We Do. WritÂten by Satoshi KanazaÂwa and Alan S. Miller, the book finds answers not in ids, egos and superÂegos, but in the evoÂluÂtion of the human brain. WritÂten in snapÂpy prose, their arguÂment is essenÂtialÂly that our behavÂior — our wants, desires and impulsÂes — are overÂwhelmÂingÂly shaped by the way our brain evolved 10,000+ years ago, and one conÂseÂquence is that our ancesÂtral brain is often respondÂing to a world long ago disÂapÂpeared, not the modÂern, fast-changÂing world in which we live. This disÂconÂnect can lead us to be out of sync, to act in ways that seem inexÂplicÂaÂble or counter-proÂducÂtive, even to ourÂselves. These arguÂments belong to new field called “evoÂluÂtionÂary psyÂcholÂoÂgy,” and we were forÂtuÂnate to interÂview Satoshi KanazaÂwa (LonÂdon School of EcoÂnomÂics) and delve furÂther into evoÂluÂtionÂary psyÂcholÂoÂgy and the (someÂtimes dispirÂitÂing) issues it raisÂes. Have a read, check out the book, and also see the relatÂed piece that the FreakoÂnomÂics folks recentÂly did on this book. Please note that the full interÂview conÂtinÂues after the jump.
DC: In a nutÂshell, what is “evoÂluÂtionÂary psyÂcholÂoÂgy”? (e.g. when did the field emerge? what are the basic tenets/principles of this school of thinkÂing?)
SK: EvoÂluÂtionÂary psyÂcholÂoÂgy is the appliÂcaÂtion of evoÂluÂtionÂary biolÂoÂgy to human cogÂniÂtion and behavÂior. For more than a cenÂtuÂry, zoolÂoÂgists have sucÂcessÂfulÂly used the uniÂfyÂing prinÂciÂples of evoÂluÂtion to explain the body and behavÂior of all aniÂmal species in nature, except for humans. SciÂenÂtists held a speÂcial place for humans and made an excepÂtion for them.
In 1992, a group of psyÂcholÂoÂgists and anthroÂpolÂoÂgists simÂply asked, “Why not? Why can’t we use the prinÂciÂples of evoÂluÂtion to explain human behavÂior as well?” And the new sciÂence of evoÂluÂtionÂary psyÂcholÂoÂgy was born. It is premised on two grand genÂerÂalÂizaÂtions. First, all the laws of evoÂluÂtion by natÂurÂal and sexÂuÂal selecÂtion hold for humans as much as they do for all species in nature. SecÂond, the conÂtents of the human brain have been shaped by the forces of evoÂluÂtion just as much as every othÂer part of human body. In othÂer words, humans are aniÂmals, and as such they have been shaped by evoÂluÂtionÂary forces just as othÂer aniÂmals have been.
DC: EvoÂluÂtionÂary psyÂcholÂoÂgy porÂtrays us as havÂing impulsÂes that took form long ago, in a very pre-modÂern conÂtext (say, 10,000 years ago), and now these impulsÂes are someÂtimes rather ill-adaptÂed to our conÂtemÂpoÂrary world. For examÂple, in a food-scarce enviÂronÂment, we became proÂgrammed to eat whenÂevÂer we can; now, with food aboundÂing in many parts of the world, this impulse creÂates the conÂdiÂtions for an obeÂsiÂty epiÂdemÂic. GivÂen that our world will likeÂly conÂtinÂue changÂing at a rapid pace, are we doomed to have our impulsÂes conÂstantÂly playÂing catch up with our enviÂronÂment, and does that potenÂtialÂly doom us as a species?
SK: In fact, we’re not playÂing catch up; we’re stuck. For any evoÂluÂtionÂary change to take place, the enviÂronÂment has to remain more or less conÂstant for many genÂerÂaÂtions, so that evoÂluÂtion can select the traits that are adapÂtive and elimÂiÂnate those that are not. When the enviÂronÂment underÂgoes rapid change withÂin the space of a genÂerÂaÂtion or two, as it has been for the last couÂple of milÂlenÂnia, if not more, then evoÂluÂtion can’t hapÂpen because nature can’t deterÂmine which traits to select and which to elimÂiÂnate. So they remain at a standÂstill. Our brain (and the rest of our body) are essenÂtialÂly frozen in time — stuck in the Stone Age.
One examÂple of this is that when we watch a scary movie, we get scared, and when we watch porn we get turned on. We cry when someÂone dies in a movie. Our brain canÂnot tell the difÂferÂence between what’s simÂuÂlatÂed and what’s real, because this disÂtincÂtion didn’t exist in the Stone Age.
DC: One conÂcluÂsion from your book is that we’re someÂthing of a prisÂonÂer to our hard-wiring. Yes, there is some room for us to maneuÂver. But, in the end, our evolved nature takes over. If all of this holds true, is there room in our world for utopiÂan (or even mildÂly optiÂmistic) politÂiÂcal moveÂments that look to refashÂion how humans behave and interÂact with one anothÂer? Or does this sciÂence sugÂgest that Edmund Burke was on to someÂthing?
SK: Steven Pinker, in his 2002 book The Blank Slate, makes a very conÂvincÂing arguÂment that all UtopiÂan visions, whether they be motiÂvatÂed by left-wing ideÂolÂoÂgy or right-wing ideÂolÂoÂgy, are doomed to failÂure, because they all assume that human nature is malÂleable. EvoÂluÂtionÂary psyÂcholÂoÂgists have disÂcovÂered that the human mind is not a blank slate, a tabÂuÂla rasa; humans have innate bioÂlogÂiÂcal nature as much as any othÂer species does, and it is not malÂleable. Paul H. Rubin’s 2002 book DarÂwinÂian PolÂiÂtics: The EvoÂluÂtionÂary OriÂgin of FreeÂdom gives an evoÂluÂtionÂary psyÂchoÂlogÂiÂcal account of why Burke and clasÂsiÂcal libÂerÂals (who are today called libÂerÂtarÂiÂans) may have been right.
As a sciÂenÂtist, I am not interÂestÂed in UtopiÂan visions (or any othÂer visions for sociÂety). But it seems to me that, if you want to change the world sucÂcessÂfulÂly, you canÂnot start from false premisÂes. Any such attempt is bound to fail. If you build a house on top of a lake on the assumpÂtion that water is solÂid, it will inevitably colÂlapse and sink to the botÂtom of the lake, but if you recÂogÂnize the fluÂid nature of water, you can build a sucÂcessÂful houseÂboat. A houseÂboat may not be as good as a genÂuine house built on ground, but it’s betÂter than a colÂlapsed house on the botÂtom of the lake. A vision for sociÂety based on an evoÂluÂtionÂary psyÂchoÂlogÂiÂcal underÂstandÂing of human nature at least has a fightÂing chance, which is a much betÂter than any UtopiÂan vision based on the assumpÂtion that human nature is infiÂniteÂly malÂleable.
Here are a few facts to know about the advenÂturÂous Patrick Hunt. He’s a StanÂford archaeÂolÂoÂgist who has spent more than a decade tryÂing to unravÂel the mysÂtery of how HanÂniÂbal, the great ancient milÂiÂtary leader, crossed the Alps in 218 BCE with 25,000 men and 37 eleÂphants. (LisÂten on iTunes to the course he gave on this advenÂture, and get more info below). He has broÂken more than 20 bones while doing fieldÂwork, fought off kidÂnapÂpers, and twice surÂvived sunÂstroke-induced blindÂness. And now he has just pubÂlished an excitÂing new book called Ten DisÂcovÂerÂies That Rewrote HisÂtoÂry. It’s pubÂlished by Penguin/Plume and starts shipÂping tomorÂrow. I asked Patrick what makes these disÂcovÂerÂies — rangÂing from the RosetÂta Stone to the Dead Sea Scrolls to Machu PicÂchu— so imporÂtant. Below he gives us a brief glimpse into what makes each disÂcovÂery hisÂtorÂiÂcalÂly sigÂnifÂiÂcant and fasÂciÂnatÂing. Read on, and check out his capÂtiÂvatÂing new book for the fuller picÂture.
Patrick Hunt: “First I should say that not every archaeÂolÂoÂgist would agree that these are the ten most imporÂtant disÂcovÂerÂies of all time. On the othÂer hand, the ten stoÂries retold in this book are often regardÂed as among the most excitÂing archaeÂoÂlogÂiÂcal disÂcovÂerÂies of the modÂern era (since 1750). And no one would deny that these ten vital disÂcovÂerÂies have forÂevÂer changed the world of archaeÂolÂoÂgy, transÂformÂing how and what we know about ancient hisÂtoÂry. Let me tell you a litÂtle about them.
RosetÂta Stone: This excitÂing disÂcovÂery in 1799 was the key to deciÂpherÂing EgyptÂian hieroÂglyphs and unlockÂing the hisÂtoÂry of the ancient world texts. It proÂvides a winÂdow into the real hisÂtoÂry of Egypt rather than an imagÂiÂnary one; all othÂer deciÂpherÂings of ancient lanÂguages since the RosetÂta Stone’s iniÂtial decodÂing in 1822 are based on its preceÂdents. (See phoÂto here.)
Troy: Its disÂcovÂery and excaÂvaÂtion beginÂning in 1870 proved once and for all that Troy was not just a myth based on Homer; Troy was a hisÂtorÂiÂcal site where real peoÂple lived and fought. Its earÂliÂest excaÂvaÂtor, the oft-maligned and often-unethÂiÂcal HeinÂrich SchlieÂmann has been mostÂly credÂitÂed — right or wrong — as being the “Father of ArchaeÂolÂoÂgy” and his techÂniques became the founÂdaÂtion of archaeÂoÂlogÂiÂcal research, howÂevÂer greatÂly improved, afterÂward.
NinÂeveh and the RoyÂal AssyrÂiÂan Library: This rivÂetÂing find beginÂning in 1849 by Austen HenÂry Layard, a sleuth of antiqÂuiÂty, evenÂtuÂalÂly unearthed a whole lost library of cuneiform texts, includÂing ones not only from ancient AssyrÂia but also from far oldÂer Sumer, Akkad, BabyÂlon and othÂer great civÂiÂlizaÂtions. This had a very sigÂnifÂiÂcant impact on world litÂerÂaÂture, introÂducÂing such semÂiÂnal works as the Epic of GilÂgamesh.
King Tut’s Tomb: The draÂmatÂic openÂing of this royÂal tomb in 1922 — sought for years by a deterÂmined Howard Carter — was the first time in milÂlenÂnia a pharaoÂh’s tomb had actuÂalÂly been found intact; its treaÂsure gave the world a unique opporÂtuÂniÂty to actuÂalÂly account for stagÂgerÂing EgyptÂian royÂal wealth. [Dan’s note: NationÂal GeoÂgraphÂic has a nice web site on this archaeÂoÂlogÂiÂcal find.]
Machu PicÂchu: The remarkÂable high junÂgle mounÂtain disÂcovÂery in 1911 of the remote Lost City of the Inca by Hiram BingÂham made it posÂsiÂble for the world to finalÂly see an undisÂturbed Inca royÂal city mysÂteÂriÂousÂly abanÂdoned on a mounÂtainÂtop but neiÂther conÂquered nor changed by the coloÂnial world. (See phoÂto here.)
PomÂpeii: PreÂserved by the erupÂtion of VesuÂvius in AD 79 and not dug out for almost two milÂlenÂnia, PomÂpeii (probÂaÂbly acciÂdenÂtalÂly found by a farmer digÂging a well) is the sinÂgle most imporÂtant Roman site in the world; its artiÂfacts offer the largest and fullest record of life in a Roman city. PomÂpeiÂi’s misÂforÂtune is our great forÂtune. It preÂserves a city with thouÂsands of objects virÂtuÂalÂly unchanged. (See images here.)
Dead Sea Scrolls: Since 1947, when two Bedouin boys in the desert stumÂbled upon the first cave at QumÂran, these hidÂden desert texts have revÂoÂluÂtionÂized our perÂcepÂtions of earÂly JewÂish and ChrisÂtÂian reliÂgion; their findÂing has pushed back our knowlÂedge of bibÂliÂcal manÂuÂscripts by a thouÂsand years. This disÂcovÂery and the off-and-on secreÂcy of the finds reads like spy ficÂtion but is real instead. (See phoÂto here.)
Akrotiri on Thera: ArchaeÂolÂoÂgist SpyriÂdon MarÂiÂnatos had been laughed at by his peers for his theÂoÂries and was finalÂly vinÂdiÂcatÂed 30 years latÂer (cirÂca 1967). Like PomÂpeii, ash from the volÂcanic erupÂtion in 1620 BC preÂserved a whole Aegean city that might have been the source of the Atlantis myths but was cerÂtainÂly a wealthy city with fabÂuÂlous wall paintÂings depictÂing Bronze Age life. It gives us for the first time a whole new body of Minoan art and underÂstandÂing of MediterÂranean sea trade. (Images here.)
OlduÂvai Gorge: Since the 1920’s, the Leakey famÂiÂly doggedÂly perÂsistÂed searchÂing in East Africa for the most ancient human oriÂgins; draÂmatÂic unearthing of bones and tools in 1959 from OlduÂvai and othÂer sites in Great Rift Africa forÂevÂer showed the world how long — at least a milÂlion years — antecedents to human life have perÂsistÂed, finalÂly proÂvidÂing proof of DarÂwinÂian evoÂluÂtion from earÂliÂer priÂmate and hominid finds.
Tomb of 10,000 WarÂriors: This stagÂgerÂing tomb from around 220–210 BC, spreadÂing over hunÂdreds of acres, sinÂgle-handÂedÂly awakÂened WestÂern interÂest in ChiÂnese hisÂtoÂry and reviÂtalÂized ChiÂnese archaeÂolÂoÂgy. The opuÂlence and grandeur of an emperÂor’s tomb astonÂished the world. ArcheoÂtourism in ChiÂna has profÂitÂed immenseÂly from the acciÂdenÂtal 1974 find of a pre-Han tomb where lies the authorÂiÂtarÂiÂan emperÂor who forcibly unitÂed and rewrote ChiÂnese culÂture in many ways that still surÂvive today.”
RelatÂed ConÂtent: Above, I menÂtioned that you can lisÂten to Patrick Hunt’s StanÂford course on HanÂniÂbal on iTunes. The course is going to be rolled out in installÂments over the next sevÂerÂal weeks. SepÂaÂrateÂly you can lisÂten to a standÂalone lecÂture that he gave on HanÂniÂbal shortÂly before the start of the course. (LisÂten on iTunes here.) This lecÂture gets refÂerÂenced in the course at sevÂerÂal points. PatrickÂ’s work on HanÂniÂbal is sponÂsored by NationÂal GeoÂgraphÂic SociÂety.
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