B.B. King Explains in an Animated Video Whether You Need to Endure Hardship to Play the Blues

George Har­ri­son had a beloved gui­tar named Lucy. B.B. King has one named Lucille. Curi­ous, that.

Above, in a new ani­mat­ed video by Blank on Blank, B.B. explains the sto­ry behind the nam­ing of his leg­endary gui­tar, and then answers the big ques­tion: Do you real­ly need to endure hard times to play the blues?  No spoil­ers here.

The audio was record­ed in Sep­tem­ber, 1985 by Warn­er Bros. A&R man­ag­er Joe Smith. While writ­ing a book on the music indus­try, Smith taped inter­views with leg­endary fig­ures like Dave Brubeck, Lou Reed, Paul McCart­ney, Joan Baez, Her­bie Han­cock, David Bowie, George Har­ri­son, Yoko Ono, James Brown, Bo Did­dley, Jer­ry Gar­cia, Chris­tine McVie, Mick Jag­ger, Lin­da Ron­stadt and more. Each inter­view runs 30–60 good min­utes. They’re fas­ci­nat­ing to lis­ten to, and you can find them on iTunes and the web.

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Relat­ed Con­tent:

Free Archive of Audio Inter­views with Rock, Jazz & Folk Leg­ends Now on iTunes

Maya Angelou Tells Studs Terkel How She Learned to Count Cards & Hus­tle in a New Ani­mat­ed Video

Blank on Blank Ani­ma­tions Revive Lost Inter­views with David Fos­ter Wal­lace, Jim Mor­ri­son & Dave Brubeck

Watch a Young Bob Marley and The Wailers Perform Live in England (1973): For His 70th Birthday Today

If you’ve spent any time at all on a col­lege cam­pus, you’ve heard Bob Mar­ley and the Wailer’s 1984 com­pi­la­tion album Leg­end waft­ing from dorm rooms and frat house win­dows. The longest chart­ing album in the his­to­ry of Bill­board mag­a­zine, it con­tains all of the band’s top 40 hits and more or less stands as every young American’s intro­duc­tion to the icon­ic Jamaican singer, if not to reg­gae music itself. Before Leg­end, there was Eric Clapton’s cov­er of Marley’s 1973 sin­gle “I Shot the Sher­iff.” Clapton’s ver­sion hit num­ber one on the Bill­board Hot 100 in ’74—his only num­ber one hit in the U.S.—and intro­duced Amer­i­can audi­ences to Marley’s fiery pol­i­tics, if not always to Mar­ley him­self. On what would have been Mar­ley’s 70th birth­day, we bring you some ear­ly footage of the man and his band.

marleyedomntototn

While many Amer­i­cans may been rather late to the Bob Mar­ley par­ty, and to reg­gae, the Eng­lish have long had a fas­ci­na­tion with West Indi­an music. Ska pio­neers like Desmond Dekker drew huge crowds in the UK while remain­ing much less pop­u­lar state­side (though Dekker had a num­ber one hit in the U.S. in 1969). But even some Brits didn’t quite know what to do with Mar­ley when he and the Wail­ers hit Eng­lish shores in the spring of 1973. Play­ing the Sun­down The­ater in the Lon­don sub­urb of Edmon­ton in sup­port of Dekker and a host of oth­er acts (top), Mar­ley, writes Dan­ger­ous Minds, “was still some­what of an enig­ma and the Wail­ers were son­i­cal­ly much more adven­tur­ous than some of the oth­er acts on the bill that day…. Accord­ing to reports at the time, most of the audi­ence at this Wail­ers gig didn’t ‘get’ the group.”

Nev­er­the­less, that ’73 tour changed the band’s for­tunes for­ev­er. After three albums, a pre­vi­ous UK tour, and sev­er­al attempts to break into the pop charts, the Wailer’s fourth record, major label-debut Catch a Fire, final­ly made them inter­na­tion­al stars, if not yet every Amer­i­can col­lege freshman’s favorite band. Just above, hear an FM broad­cast of anoth­er date from the UK leg of the Catch a Fire tour (see the Youtube page for the full setlist). After Britain, the band played a run of shows at Paul’s Mall in Boston, then four nights at New York’s Max’s Kansas City. Just a few months lat­er, they hit major cities all over the U.S. before return­ing to Eng­land in Novem­ber in sup­port of Burnin’, and the song Clap­ton made famous.

While we tend to asso­ciate Mar­ley with peace, love, and patchouli—an impres­sion fur­thered by Leg­end, which leans rather heav­i­ly on the love songs—these ear­ly albums are fierce and mil­i­tant, and do not hold back from explic­it calls for vio­lent rev­o­lu­tion and con­dem­na­tion of his­tor­i­cal oppres­sion. It’s a some­what neglect­ed side of Marley’s leg­end, but in these con­certs, we see just how mul­ti­fac­eted a song­writer and per­former he was. Charis­mat­ic and vibrant, and flanked by the tal­ent­ed Peter Tosh, Mar­ley exudes star pow­er. Today on his 70th birth­day, it’s still as good a time as any to cel­e­brate his life and remem­ber his stri­dent yet soul­ful calls for love and jus­tice.

via Dan­ger­ous Minds

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Video: The Day Bob Mar­ley Played a Big Soc­cer Match in Brazil, 1980

John­ny Cash & Joe Strum­mer Sing Bob Marley’s “Redemp­tion Song” (2002)

Bill Graham’s Con­cert Vault: From Miles Davis to Bob Mar­ley

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. Fol­low him at @jdmagness

How David Bowie, Kurt Cobain & Thom Yorke Write Songs With William Burroughs’ Cut-Up Technique

The strict real­ist mold that dom­i­nat­ed fic­tion and poet­ry for over a hun­dred years broke open in the late nine­teenth cen­tu­ry with sym­bol­ist French poets like Arthur Rim­baud, Stéphane Mal­lar­mé, and Charles Baude­laire. The next few mod­ernist decades made it impos­si­ble to ignore exper­i­men­tal lit­er­a­ture, which trick­led into the pub­lic con­scious­ness through all vari­ety of media. Pop­u­lar songcraft, how­ev­er, held out for a few more decades, and though styles pro­lif­er­at­ed, the stan­dard bal­lad forms—straightforward nar­ra­tives of love and loss—more or less dom­i­nat­ed into the 1960s, with the excep­tion of odd nov­el­ty records whose exis­tence proved the rule.

Though nei­ther ever aban­doned the bal­lad, it’s sig­nif­i­cant that two of that decade’s most inno­v­a­tive pop song­writ­ers, John Lennon and Bob Dylan, drew much of the inspi­ra­tion for their more exper­i­men­tal songs from poet­ry—Lennon from an old­er non­sense tra­di­tion in Eng­lish lit­er­a­ture exem­pli­fied by Lewis Car­roll, and Dylan from T.S. Eliot and oth­er mod­ernist poets.

But anoth­er strain devel­oped in the fifties and sixties—darker and weird­er, though no less trace­able to a lit­er­ary source: William S. Bur­roughs’ sur­re­al­ist cut-up tech­nique, which he devel­oped with artist Brion Gysin. Just above, you can hear Bur­roughs explain cut-up writ­ing as a “mon­tage tech­nique” from paint­ing applied to “words on a page.” Words and phras­es are cut from news­pa­pers and mag­a­zines and the frag­ments re-arranged at ran­dom. Bur­roughs and Gysin expand­ed the tech­nique to audio record­ing and film, and these exper­i­ments inspired avant-garde elec­tron­ic artists like Throb­bing Gris­tle and Atari Teenage Riot, both of whom shared Bur­roughs’ desire to dis­rupt the social order with their audio exper­i­ments and nei­ther of whom are house­hold names. But Bur­roughs’ exper­i­ments with cut-up writ­ing were also adopt­ed by song­writ­ers every­one knows well. In the clip at the top of the post, see David Bowie explain how he used the cut-up technique—“a kind of West­ern Tarot,” he calls it—both as a com­po­si­tion­al tool and a means of find­ing inspi­ra­tion.

In a 2008 inter­view, Bowie fur­ther explained his use of cut-ups: “You write down a para­graph or two describ­ing dif­fer­ent sub­jects, cre­at­ing a kind of ‘sto­ry ingre­di­ents’ list, I sup­pose, and then cut the sen­tences into four or five-word sec­tions, mix ‘em up and recon­nect them.” The tech­nique allows song­writ­ers, he says, to “get some pret­ty inter­est­ing idea com­bi­na­tions,” even if they “have a craven need not to lose con­trol.” Bowie almost sin­gle-hand­ed­ly cre­at­ed the cat­e­go­ry of “art rock” with his appli­ca­tion of avant-garde tech­niques to con­ven­tion­al song struc­tures and rock ‘n’ roll atti­tudes.

Decades lat­er, anoth­er huge­ly influ­en­tial song­writer also made Bur­roughs’ tech­nique main­stream. Kurt Cobain, who had the chance to meet and col­lab­o­rate with Bur­roughs (above), used cut-ups to con­struct his lyrics—like Bowie, tak­ing the bits of text from his own writ­ing rather than from the mass media pro­duc­tions Bur­roughs and Gysin pre­ferred. Pop music crit­ic Jim Dero­gatis quotes Cobain as say­ing, “My lyrics are total cut-up. I take lines from dif­fer­ent poems that I’ve writ­ten. I build on a theme if I can, but some­times I can’t even come up with an idea of what the song is about.” Bur­roughs blog Real­i­tyS­tu­dio fur­ther doc­u­ments the artis­tic influ­ence of Bur­roughs and oth­er writ­ers on Cobain’s song­writ­ing.

Though Bowie and Cobain are per­haps the two most promi­nent adopters of Bur­roughs’ tech­nique, the Beat writer’s influ­ence on pop music stretch­es back to the Bea­t­les, who includ­ed him on the cov­er of Sgt. Pep­pers Lone­ly Hearts Club Band, and extends through the work of artists like Joy Divi­sion, Iggy Pop, and, notably, Radiohead’s Thom Yorke, who sup­pos­ed­ly drew cut-up phras­es from a hat to write the lyrics for the band’s ground­break­ing album Kid A. And though Bur­roughs can seem like a sui gener­is force, whol­ly orig­i­nal, Lan­guage is a Virus notes that he him­self “cit­ed T.S. Eliot’s poem, The Waste Land (1922) and John Dos Pas­sos’ U.S.A. Tril­o­gy, which incor­po­rat­ed news­pa­per clip­pings, as ear­ly exam­ples of the cut ups he pop­u­lar­ized.” The tech­nique can be traced even fur­ther back to found­ing Dadaist artist Tris­tan Tzara’s 1920 “To Make a Dadaist Poem.” Each case of Bur­roughs’ influ­ence on both avant-garde and pop­u­lar musi­cians demon­strates not only his well-deserved rep­u­ta­tion as the father of the underground—from Beats to punks—but also the sym­bi­ot­ic rela­tion­ship between musi­cal and lit­er­ary inno­va­tion.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

William S. Bur­roughs on the Art of Cut-up Writ­ing

The “Priest” They Called Him: A Dark Col­lab­o­ra­tion Between Kurt Cobain & William S. Bur­roughs

How William S. Bur­roughs Used the Cut-Up Tech­nique to Shut Down London’s First Espres­so Bar (1972)

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. Fol­low him at @jdmagness.

Hear Albums from Brian Eno’s 1970s Label, Obscure Records

Eno Discreet Music

Giv­en his celebri­ty sta­tus in the realms of both music and visu­al art, I don’t know that we can real­ly call any­thing Bri­an Eno does obscure. But at one point, he did call his own efforts obscure — or at least those efforts required to estab­lish and run the label Obscure Records, which he did between 1975 and 1978. In that short peri­od, Obscure Records man­aged to put out ten albums, from Gavin Bryars’ The Sink­ing of the Titan­ic (cat­a­log no. 1) to Michael Nyman’s Decay Music (no. 6) to Harold Bud­d’s Pavil­ion of Dreams (no. 10), all of which we might broad­ly cat­e­go­rize as “con­tem­po­rary clas­si­cal music,” with a strong bent toward new com­po­si­tion­al tech­niques and what we’d now call ambi­ent tex­tures.

“The label pro­vid­ed a venue for exper­i­men­tal music,” says Ubuwe­b’s Obscure Records page, “and its asso­ci­a­tion with Eno gave increased pub­lic expo­sure to its com­posers and musi­cians.” There, you freely can lis­ten to all ten Obscure releas­es — which, I sup­pose, effec­tive­ly makes them obscure no more — although they don’t include the famous­ly detailed orig­i­nal lin­er notes “ana­lyz­ing the com­po­si­tions and pro­vid­ing a biog­ra­phy of the com­pos­er.”

Though he most­ly act­ed as pro­duc­er on Obscure record­ings, Eno also used the label to put out his sem­i­nal 1975 solo album Dis­creet Music (no. 3),  which con­tains a com­po­si­tion made using the then unheard-of tech­nique of run­ning sev­er­al tape loops simul­ta­ne­ous­ly and let­ting the sound record­ed on them run grad­u­al­ly out of sync. Obscure’s fifth release, Jan Steele and John Cage’s 1976 Voic­es and Instru­ments, fea­tures “The Won­der­ful Wid­ow Of Eigh­teen Springs,” pre­vi­ous­ly fea­tured here on Open Cul­ture as inter­pret­ed by Joey Ramone.

This may seem col­or­ful enough for any label’s life­time, but Eno did have an eleventh Obscure record planned. It ulti­mate­ly made more sense, how­ev­er, to found an entire­ly new oper­a­tion to put out this work, a cer­tain Music for Air­ports. It came out as the flag­ship release from Eno’s Ambi­ent Records — and the rest, my friends, is pop­u­lar-exper­i­men­tal music his­to­ry.

Albums from Obscure Records can be sam­pled over at UBU.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

David Bowie & Bri­an Eno’s Col­lab­o­ra­tion on “Warsza­wa” Reimag­ined in Com­ic Ani­ma­tion

Jump Start Your Cre­ative Process with Bri­an Eno’s “Oblique Strate­gies”

Bri­an Eno on Cre­at­ing Music and Art As Imag­i­nary Land­scapes (1989)

How David Byrne and Bri­an Eno Make Music Togeth­er: A Short Doc­u­men­tary

Hear Joey Ramone Sing a Piece by John Cage Adapt­ed from James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake

Col­in Mar­shall hosts and pro­duces Note­book on Cities and Cul­ture as well as the video series The City in Cin­e­ma and writes essays on cities, lan­guage, Asia, and men’s style. He’s at work on a book about Los Ange­les, A Los Ange­les Primer. Fol­low him on Twit­ter at @colinmarshall or on Face­book.

The Clash Play Their Final Show (San Bernardino, 1983)

Few bands in rock ‘n’ roll his­to­ry have faced as many charges of sell­ing out—back when the term meant some­thing—as The Clash. Even before they’d released their first record, they were accused of killing punk rock by sign­ing to major label CBS. And 1985’s Cut the Crap, the final Clash release (hard­ly a Clash record at all by any true fan’s mea­sure) has more or less been seen, right­ly or not, as a mon­ey grab. For a band who stood in sol­i­dar­i­ty with work­ing peo­ple and rev­o­lu­tion­ary left­ist move­ments, The Clash walked a del­i­cate line between finan­cial suc­cess and polit­i­cal cred­i­bil­i­ty.

Most crit­ics date the end of the band well before that hat­ed final album, made with­out gui­tarist Mick Jones and long­time drum­mer Top­per Head­on. As Rolling Stone writes, “The Clash came to a rather sad end­ing in May 1983,” when they accept­ed a $500,000 offer from Apple co-founder Steve Woz­ni­ak to head­line the ‘New Wave Day’ of a mas­sive fes­ti­val in San Bernardi­no, Cal­i­for­nia.

By this time, Head­on had been kicked out of the band for drug prob­lems, replaced by 23-year-old Pete Howard, “and Mick Jones and Joe Strum­mer were bare­ly speak­ing.”

By the time they got to San Bernardi­no, Cal­i­for­nia for the fes­ti­val, they were in com­plete dis­ar­ray. Things got worse when they learned fans were pay­ing $25 to attend the show. They had been told pre­vi­ous­ly that prices would be set at $17, and short­ly before they went onstage, they held a press con­fer­ence. The band announced they would­n’t go on unless Apple gave $100,000 to char­i­ty. It was chaos. Some lat­er claimed the real cause of their rage was the knowl­edge that Van Halen were get­ting a mil­lion dol­lars for their set.

Arriv­ing onstage two hours late, under a ban­ner that read “The Clash Not For Sale,” they played an angry set of songs, between which Strum­mer taunt­ed the crowd. He opens with a sneer: “Alright then, here we are, in the cap­i­tal of the deca­dent U.S. of A. This here set of music is now ded­i­cat­ed to mak­ing sure that those peo­ple in the crowd who have chil­dren, there is some­thing left for them lat­er in the cen­turies.” It’s an odd state­ment, announc­ing Strummer’s sense that The Clash were leav­ing a lega­cy, and that they were exit­ing the cul­tur­al stage.

Despite their rage, they still walked away with half a mil­lion bucks. Four months lat­er, Mick Jones was out—the San Bernardi­no con­cert would be his last with the band—and The Clash, as the world had known them, were effec­tive­ly dead. As a swan song, it’s a hell of a show, infight­ing and line­up changes aside. See the whole thing above (except “Lon­don Call­ing,” which cuts off mid­way through). It’s maybe a shame they didn’t retire the name after this per­for­mance, how­ev­er. Though Strum­mer and bassist Paul Simenon toured with three replace­ments as The Clash in the years to come and, writes Dan­ger­ous Minds, “did a few things worth remem­ber­ing between 1984 and 1986,” in most people’s minds, that part of the band’s his­to­ry is best left out of the offi­cial record.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Rare Live Footage Doc­u­ments The Clash From Their Raw Debut to the Career-Defin­ing Lon­don Call­ing

Doc­u­men­tary Viva Joe Strum­mer: The Sto­ry of the Clash Sur­veys the Career of Rock’s Beloved Front­man

Allen Gins­berg & The Clash Per­form the Punk Poem “Cap­i­tal Air,” Live Onstage in Times Square (1981)

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. Fol­low him at @jdmagness.

Marlene Dietrich Plays the Musical Saw (aka the Singing Saw) to Entertain the Troops During WWII

It’s not my favorite Mar­lene Diet­rich gem on the inter­net. No, that would be her tem­pera­men­tal screen test for The Blue Angel  (1930). But it’s still a pre­cious find. Above, we have an audio clip fea­tur­ing Diet­rich, one of the tow­er­ing movie stars of ear­ly cin­e­ma, play­ing the musi­cal saw. Andrea James writes over at Boing­Bo­ing: “Diet­rich always want­ed to be a clas­si­cal musi­cian. Since her cabaret act and film career left lit­tle time for her to do the required prac­tice, she played the musi­cal saw instead. Through­out World War II she wowed USO audi­ences with the nov­el­ty.” And that’s what we get a taste of here. In oth­er clips avail­able on Youtube, you can find Diet­rich play­ing her “singing saw,” and again play­ing the musi­cal saw on the radio, cir­ca 1945.

via

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Relat­ed Con­tent:

Ernest Hemingway’s “Love Let­ter” to His “Dear­est Kraut,” Mar­lene Diet­rich (1955)

Mar­lene Dietrich’s Tem­pera­men­tal Screen Test for The Blue Angel

101 Free Silent Films: The Great Clas­sics

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Hear Isolated Guitar Tracks From Some of Rock’s Greatest: Slash, Eddie Van Halen, Eric Clapton & More

It seems like near­ly every­thing that’s ever been record­ed even­tu­al­ly makes its way to Youtube—at least for a while. From his­toric speech­es by Gand­hi and Mar­tin Luther King, Jr. to the ram­bling con­spir­a­cy the­o­ries of obscure base­ment dwellers, you can hear it all. One par­tic­u­lar phe­nom­e­non in recent years is that of the “iso­lat­ed track,” the vocal and indi­vid­ual instru­ment record­ings from well-known songs, usu­al­ly tak­en direct­ly from the mas­ter tapes. We’ve fea­tured many of these, from famous drum­mers like John Bon­ham and Stew­art Copeland to bassists like Sting, Paul McCart­ney, and Queen’s John Dea­con.

Today, we bring you iso­lat­ed tracks from some of rock ‘n’ roll’s most cel­e­brat­ed gui­tarists, and we do so in full antic­i­pa­tion of a slew of out­raged “What about so and so!” com­ments. So to pre-empt some inevitably hurt feel­ings, bear in mind that the selec­tion of iso­lat­ed tracks online is—despite Youtube’s many riches—rather lim­it­ed. We’re work­ing with what’s avail­able here. And if you don’t see your Joe Pass or Bonamassa—two gui­tarists I great­ly admire—or any oth­er jazz or blues play­ers, it’s because we’re focus­ing specif­i­cal­ly on rock gui­tarists.

That said, let’s begin with what is arguably the most rec­og­niz­able gui­tar line since Jim­my Page’s work in “Stair­way to Heav­en.” You’ve heard the intro to “Sweet Child O’ Mine” an uncount­able num­ber of times—played beau­ti­ful­ly by Slash and his tal­ent­ed imi­ta­tors, and bad­ly by strug­gling stu­dents in music stores. But have you ever real­ly heard what the pre­mier 90s rock gui­tarist is doing in the rest of the song? Once Axl Rose starts wail­ing, it’s a bit hard to lis­ten to any­thing else. So take six min­utes and play through the entire iso­lat­ed track above. It’s a pret­ty stun­ning mix of del­i­cate arpeg­gios, punchy over­driv­en rhythms, and, of course, the soar­ing sus­tained lead lines and wah-wah mad­ness we know from those oh-so mem­o­rable solos. OnStage mag­a­zine has a nice lit­tle break­down of Slash’s tech­nique and tone. For a very thor­ough dis­sec­tion of the exact rig he used in the stu­dio to make these sounds, check out this arti­cle.

Before the mighty Slash, the most influ­en­tial rock gui­tarist was with­out a doubt Eddie Van Halen, whose sig­na­ture maneu­vers and tech­ni­cal inno­va­tions com­plete­ly changed how rock and met­al gui­tarists approached the instru­ment. Van Halen, writes Ulti­mate Clas­sic Rock, “vir­tu­al­ly sin­gle-hand­ed­ly re-invent­ed the entire rock gui­tar lex­i­con with his blend of tone, tech­nique and sheer musi­cal­i­ty.” He did it two-hand­ed­ly also, more-or-less invent­ing two-hand­ed tap­ping, “a tech­nique in which Van Halen uses the fin­gers of his right hand to fret notes on the neck of the gui­tar, which allows him to phrase pas­sages very rapid­ly with­out the lim­i­ta­tions of a pick.” You can hear sev­er­al exam­ples in this list of top 10 Eddie Van Halen solos.

Just above, in the iso­lat­ed gui­tar track for “Pana­ma,” hear an often unre­marked aspect of Van Halen’s playing—his excep­tion­al rhythm work. Punc­tu­at­ed with grit­ty slides, dives, and bends, and the song’s famil­iar three-note riff, Van Halen’s rhythms are extra­or­di­nar­i­ly flu­id, musi­cal­ly expres­sive, and com­mand­ing­ly dynam­ic. His solo work here is subtle—not near­ly as flashy as in so many oth­er songs—but that allows us to focus all the more on how bril­liant his rhythm play­ing real­ly is. Like Slash, Van Halen had to com­pete with a ridicu­lous­ly flam­boy­ant singer, and like Slash, he often emerges as band’s real main attrac­tion.

Play “Free Bird,” man. No, I won’t. Well, not the whole thing. But lis­ten to that solo, all 4 plus min­utes of it, above, played by Allen Collins. Lynyrd Skynyrd’s three-gui­tar attack of Collins, Ed King, and Gary Ross­ing­ton may have seemed extrav­a­gant, or just plain indul­gent, but it served an impor­tant pur­pose: dupli­cat­ing the album record­ings per­fect­ly onstage. Band­leader Ron­nie Van Zandt “was such a stal­wart and stick­ler for perfection—so much so that every­one was sup­posed to play more or less the same solos they did on the album,” writes the blog One Week//One Band, “because that’s what the audi­ence came to hear.” Collin’s scream­ing solo—num­ber 3 in Gui­tar World’s top 100—came about by chance, as did the entire song, in fact, pieced togeth­er impromp­tu by the band dur­ing rehearsal. But why does “Free Bird” nev­er, ever seem to end? Ross­ing­ton has the sto­ry:

… We start­ed play­ing it in clubs, but it was just the slow part. Then Ron­nie said, “Why don’t you do some­thing at the end of that so I can take a break for a few min­utes?” so I came up with those three chords at the end and Allen played over them, then I soloed and then he soloed… it all evolved out of a jam one night. So, we start­ed play­ing it that way, but Ron­nie kept say­ing, “It’s not long enough. Make it longer.”

On the stu­dio ver­sion, “Collins played the entire solo him­self on his Gib­son Explor­er.” Says Ross­ing­ton, “He was bad. He was super bad! He was bad-to-the-bone bad… the way he was doin’ it, he was just so hot! He just did it once and did it again and it was done.” And there you have it.

If this list didn’t have any Clap­ton on it, I’d prob­a­bly get death threats. Luck­i­ly we have an iso­lat­ed Clap­ton track, but not from a Clap­ton band. Instead, above, hear his guest work on the George Har­ri­son-penned and ‑sung Bea­t­les’ song “While My Gui­tar Gen­tly Weeps” from 1968. In a pre­vi­ous post on this mas­ter­ful­ly icon­ic record­ing, Mike Springer described Clapton’s tech­nique and gear: “For the impres­sion of a per­son weep­ing and wail­ing, Clap­ton used the fin­gers on his fret­ting hand to bend the strings deeply, in a high­ly expres­sive descend­ing vibra­to. He was play­ing a 1957 Gib­son Les Paul, a gui­tar he had once owned but had giv­en to Har­ri­son, who nick­named it ‘Lucy.’”

I’ll admit, I grew up assum­ing that Har­ri­son played the leads in this song, an assump­tion that col­ored my assess­ment of Harrison’s play­ing in gen­er­al. But while he’s cer­tain­ly no slouch, even he admit­ted that this was bet­ter left to the man they call “Slow­hand” (a nick­name, by the way, that has noth­ing to do with his play­ing). Typ­i­cal­ly hum­ble and under­stat­ed, Har­ri­son described to Gui­tar World in 1987 how Clap­ton came to guest on the song:

No, my ego would rather have Eric play on it. I’ll tell you, I worked on that song with John, Paul, and Ringo one day, and they were not inter­est­ed in it at all. And I knew inside of me that it was a nice song. The next day I was with Eric, and I was going into the ses­sion, and I said, “We’re going to do this song. Come on and play on it.” He said, “Oh, no. I can’t do that. Nobody ever plays on the Bea­t­les records.” I said, “Look, it’s my song, and I want you to play on it.” So Eric came in, and the oth­er guys were as good as gold–because he was there. Also, it left me free to just play the rhythm and do the vocal. So Eric played that, and I thought it was real­ly good. Then we lis­tened to it back, and he said, “Ah, there’s a prob­lem, though; it’s not Beat­ley enough”–so we put it through the ADT [auto­mat­ic dou­ble-track­er], to wob­ble it a bit.

It’s the wob­ble, I think that made me think of Har­ri­son, but now lis­ten­ing to it again above, pulled from its Beat­ley con­text, I just hear Clap­ton.

Just above, we have a gui­tarist most peo­ple have prob­a­bly nev­er heard of. But for cer­tain 90s music fans and play­ers, myself includ­ed, John Squire was an unsung hero of a British band many felt deserved more atten­tion than Blur and Oasis com­bined. I’m talk­ing about The Stone Ros­es, Mad­ch­ester col­leagues of bands like The Hap­py Mon­days and The Chameleons. Although the scene as a whole thrived on six­ties-revival dance grooves with hard­er drugs, Squire stood out for his qui­et self-con­fi­dence, sec­ond career as a painter, and bluesy, Hen­drix-inspired play­ing. I learned by heart his out­ro solos on the band’s barn­burn­er “I Am The Res­ur­rec­tion,” a wicked­ly inven­tive bit of work that any­one who knows the band knows well.

Unfor­tu­nate­ly, the fol­low-up to their 1989 self-titled debut, 1994’s The Sec­ond Com­ing, was crit­i­cal­ly shunned and almost ignored by for­mer fans. Unfor­tu­nate tim­ing, I’d say. Jack White and the Black Keys had yet to make blues rock cool again, and the band had most­ly moved from play­ing like the Byrds to play­ing like the Yard­birds. Just above from that unloved sec­ond and final record, hear Squire’s iso­lat­ed play­ing on “Love Spreads,” a song sec­ond only to “Dri­ving South” as the band’s most potent appro­pri­a­tion of the blues. Squire, in my book, is a crim­i­nal­ly under­rat­ed gui­tarist who did some of his best work on a crim­i­nal­ly under­rat­ed album.

Final­ly, some excel­lent gui­tar work by a gui­tarist I love, play­ing with a band I don’t. But as much as I may dis­like the Red Hot Chili Pep­pers songs, I stand in awe of their mind-blow­ing musi­cian­ship. While bassist Flea gets most of the atten­tion, their long­time on-again, off-again gui­tarist John Frus­ciante is just as much, if not more, of a stand­out play­er. A musi­cal prodi­gy, Frusciante—who replaced Hil­lel Slo­vak after the latter’s 1988 overdose—joined the band at just 18 and com­plete­ly trans­formed their sound overnight with, writes Rolling Stone’s David Fricke, “Hen­drix­i­an force.”

In RHCP’s once inescapable ballad—“Under the Bridge”—he con­cocts a “poignant Beat­lesque melody” joined with funk licks and cho­rus-drenched chordal phras­es. Frus­ciante plays with a dis­tinc­tive per­son­al­i­ty that’s instant­ly rec­og­niz­able, whether it’s with the Chili Pep­pers, The Mars Vol­ta, Duran Duran (!), or his own total­ly odd­ball solo records. An always unpre­dictable musi­cian, his once ama­teur­ish exper­i­ments with elec­tron­ic music have grown into full-blown acid house that sounds noth­ing like John Frus­ciante. Great stuff, but I hope he picks up the gui­tar again soon.

So yeah, I could have includ­ed iso­lat­ed tracks from Dime­bag Dar­rell or Jake E. Lee, bril­liant gui­tarists both. And lots of peo­ple seem to like those Avenged Sev­en­fold guys, though it ain’t my cup­pa tea. But this list is just a sam­pling and doesn’t pre­tend to be com­plete by any stretch. If you hap­pen to find some iso­lat­ed gui­tar tracks online that you think our read­ers should hear, by all means post them in the com­ments.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Hear Iso­lat­ed Tracks From Five Great Rock Bassists: McCart­ney, Sting, Dea­con, Jones & Lee

Iso­lat­ed Drum Tracks From Six of Rock’s Great­est: Bon­ham, Moon, Peart, Copeland, Grohl & Starr

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. Fol­low him at @jdmagness.

How “America’s First Drug Czar” Waged War Against Billie Holiday and Other Jazz Legends

The U.S. government’s so-called “War on Drugs” pre­dates Richard Nixon’s coinage of the term in 1971 by many decades, though it is under his admin­is­tra­tion that it assumed its cur­rent scope and char­ac­ter. Before Wood­stock and Viet­nam, before the cre­ation of the DEA in 1973, the Fed­er­al Bureau of Narcotics—headed by “America’s first drug czar,” Com­mis­sion­er Har­ry J. Anslinger, from 1930 to 1962—waged its own war, at first pri­mar­i­ly on mar­i­jua­na, and, to a great degree, on jazz musi­cians and jazz cul­ture. Anslinger came to pow­er in the era of Reefer Mad­ness, the title of a rather ridicu­lous 1938 anti-drug film that has come to stand in for hyper­bol­ic anti-pot para­noia of the ’30s and ’40s more gen­er­al­ly. Much of that mad­ness was the Commissioner’s spe­cial cre­ation.

Like so much of the post-Nixon drug war, Anslinger staged his cam­paign as a moral cru­sade against cer­tain kinds of users: dis­si­dents, the coun­ter­cul­ture, and espe­cial­ly immi­grants and blacks. Accord­ing to Alexan­der Cockburn’s White­out: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press, Anslinger’s “first major cam­paign was to crim­i­nal­ize the drug com­mon­ly known as hemp. But Anslinger renamed it ‘mar­i­jua­na’ to asso­ciate it with Mex­i­can labor­ers,” and claimed that the drug “can arouse in blacks and His­pan­ics a state of men­ac­ing fury or homi­ci­dal attack.” Anslinger “became the prime shaper of Amer­i­can atti­tudes to drug addic­tion.” And like lat­er despis­ers of rock ‘n’ roll and hip-hop, Anslinger’s hatred of jazz moti­vat­ed many of his tar­get­ed attacks.

Anslign­er linked mar­i­jua­na with jazz and per­se­cut­ed many black musi­cians, includ­ing Thelo­nious Monk, Dizzy Gille­spie and Duke Elling­ton. Louis Arm­strong was also arrest­ed on drug charges, and Anslinger made sure his name was smeared in the press. In Con­gress he tes­ti­fied that “[c]oloreds with big lips lure white women with jazz and mar­i­jua­na.”

“Mar­i­jua­na is tak­en by… musi­cians,” he told Con­gress in 1937, “And I’m not speak­ing about good musi­cians, but the jazz type.” Although the La Guardia Com­mit­tee would refute almost every­thing Anslinger tes­ti­fied to about the effects of smok­ing pot, the dam­age was already done. (Anslinger’s pros­e­cu­tion of jazz musi­cians, par­tic­u­lar­ly Louis Armstrong—paralleled that of anoth­er pow­er-mad, para­noid bureau­crat, J. Edgar Hoover.)

Anslinger did not sim­ply dis­like jazz. He feared it. “It sound­ed,” he wrote, “like the jun­gles in the dead of night.” In jazz, “unbe­liev­ably ancient inde­cent rites of the East Indies are res­ur­rect­ed.” And the lives of jazz musi­cians “reek of filth.” And yet, writes Johann Hari in his book Chas­ing the Scream (excerpt­ed in Politi­co), his cam­paign large­ly failed because of the jazz world’s “absolute sol­i­dar­i­ty” in oppo­si­tion to it. “In the end,” writes Hari, “the Trea­sury Depart­ment told Anslinger he was wast­ing his time.” And so, “he scaled down his focus until it set­tled like a laser on one sin­gle target—perhaps the great­est female jazz vocal­ist there ever was,” Bil­lie Hol­i­day.

Any­one with even the most cur­so­ry knowl­edge about Hol­i­day knows she had a drug prob­lem in des­per­ate need of treat­ment. And, of course, Hol­i­day was­n’t addict­ed to a rel­a­tive­ly harm­less sub­stance like mar­i­jua­na, but to hero­in, which—along with alco­hol abuse—eventually lead to her death. Yet, as Cock­burn writes, Anslinger had “hammer[ed] home his view that [drug addic­tion] was not… treat­able,” but “could only be sup­pressed by harsh crim­i­nal sanc­tions.” Accord­ing­ly, he “hunt­ed” Holiday—in Hari’s apt description—sending agents after her when he heard “whis­pers that she was using hero­in, and—after she flat­ly refused to be silent about racism.”

Recruit­ing a black agent, Jim­my Fletch­er, for the job, Anslinger began his attacks on Hol­i­day in 1939. Fletch­er shad­owed Hol­i­day for years, and became pro­tec­tive, even­tu­al­ly, “it seems,” writes Hari, “fall[ing] in love with her.” But Anslinger broke the case through Holliday’s vicious­ly abu­sive hus­band, Louis McK­ay, who agreed to inform on her—something no fel­low musi­cian would do. In May of 1947, Hol­i­day was arrest­ed and put on tri­al for pos­ses­sion of nar­cotics. “Sick and alone,” writes Het­tie Jones in Big Star Fallin’ Mama: Five Women in Black Music, “she signed away her right to a lawyer and no one advised her to do oth­er­wise.” Promised a “hos­pi­tal cure in return for a plea of guilty,” she was instead “con­vict­ed as a ‘crim­i­nal defen­dant,’ and a ‘wrong­do­er,’ and sen­tenced to a year and a day in the Fed­er­al Women’s Refor­ma­to­ry at Alder­son, West Vir­ginia.”

After her release, Hol­i­day was stripped of her cabaret license, restrict­ed from singing in “all the jazz clubs in the Unit­ed States… on the grounds,” writes Hari, “that lis­ten­ing to her might harm the morals of the pub­lic.” Two years after her first con­vic­tion, Anslinger recruit­ed anoth­er agent, a sadist named George White, who was all too hap­py take Hol­i­day down. He did so in 1949 at the Mark Twain Hotel in San Francisco—“one of the few places she could still perform”—arresting her with­out a war­rant and with what were very like­ly plant­ed drugs. White appar­ent­ly “had a long his­to­ry of plant­i­ng drugs on women” and “may well have been high when he bust­ed Bil­lie for get­ting high.” (See the declas­si­fied case against her here. Her man­ag­er John Levy is erro­neous­ly referred to as her “hus­band” and called “Joseph Levy.”)

A jury refused to con­vict, but Anslinger glo­ried in the toll his cam­paign had tak­en. “She had slipped from the peak of her fame,” he wrote, “her voice was crack­ing.” After her death in 1959, he wrote cal­lous­ly, “for her, there would be no more ‘Good Morn­ing Heartache.’” For her part, though Hol­i­day “didn’t blame Anslinger’s agents as indi­vid­u­als; she blamed the drug war,” writ­ing in her auto­bi­og­ra­phy, “Imag­ine if the gov­ern­ment chased sick peo­ple with dia­betes, put a tax on insulin and drove it into the black mar­ket… then sent them to jail…. We do prac­ti­cal­ly the same thing every day in the week to sick peo­ple hooked on drugs.”

Many jazz musi­cians, but espe­cial­ly Hol­i­day, paid dear­ly for Anslinger and the Fed­er­al Bureau of Nar­cotics’ “war on drugs.” Hari doc­u­ments the “race pan­ic” that under­lay most of Anslinger’s actions and the egre­gious dou­ble stan­dard he applied, includ­ing a “friend­ly chat” he had with Judy Gar­land over her hero­in addic­tion and kid gloves treat­ment of a “Wash­ing­ton soci­ety host­ess,” in con­trast to his relent­less pros­e­cu­tion of Hol­i­day. His per­se­cu­tion of Hol­l­i­day and oth­ers was accom­pa­nied by a pro­pa­gan­da cam­paign that demo­nized “the Negro pop­u­la­tion” as dan­ger­ous addicts. As Hari points out, Anslinger “did not cre­ate these under­ly­ing trends,” but he pro­mot­ed racist fic­tions and manip­u­lat­ed them to his advan­tage. And his sin­gling out of cul­tures and groups he per­son­al­ly dis­liked and feared as spe­cial tar­gets for vig­or­ous, prej­u­di­cial pros­e­cu­tion helped set the agen­da for anti-drug leg­is­la­tion and cul­tur­al atti­tudes in every decade since he decid­ed to go after jazz and Bil­lie Hol­i­day.

Har­i’s book, Chas­ing the Scream, is now avail­able on Ama­zon.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Bil­lie Hol­i­day — The Life and Artistry of Lady Day: The Com­plete Film

Duke Ellington’s Sym­pho­ny in Black, Star­ring a 19-Year-old Bil­lie Hol­i­day

Curi­ous Alice — The 1971 Anti-Drug Movie Based on Alice in Won­der­land That Made Drugs Look Like Fun

Louis Arm­strong Plays His­toric Cold War Con­certs in East Berlin & Budapest (1965)

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. Fol­low him at @jdmagness

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