A pracÂtiÂtionÂer of applied ethics, Peter Singer helped launch the aniÂmal rights moveÂment durÂing the 1970s, then latÂer took a conÂtroÂverÂsial stance on euthanaÂsia. These days, the PrinceÂton philosoÂpher is workÂing on less conÂtentious issues. His 2009 book is called The Life You Can Save: ActÂing Now to End World PoverÂty, and the core arguÂment gets niceÂly disÂtilled by the three minute video above. Along the way, Singer raisÂes some basic but essenÂtial quesÂtions about how much we valÂue human lives, both emoÂtionÂalÂly and ecoÂnomÂiÂcalÂly. Is it worth a pair of shoes to save the life of a child? Many would say unequivÂoÂcalÂly yes if asked the quesÂtion. But every day we make choicÂes to the conÂtrary. And that’s what Singer wants to undo. Watch the video. Read the short book. And visÂit Singer’s web site (thelifeyoucansave.com) and finalÂly find out where you can make a donaÂtion that will save a young life today.
Note: You can lisÂten to a 2009 interÂview with Singer where he talks about how small sacÂriÂfices can make big difÂferÂences, and why we should make them (DownÂload the MP3 here).
If you think that civic disÂcourse & engageÂment still matÂter, then Michael Sandel, the HarÂvard philosoÂpher, has a litÂtle someÂthing for you: a refreshÂer (preÂsentÂed at TED) that gets you back into the pracÂtice of civic debate. Some of the topÂics covÂered here doveÂtail with themes covÂered in JusÂtice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?, a hugeÂly popÂuÂlar HarÂvard course that Sandel has now made freely availÂable online. You can find the course on YouTube, iTunes and HarÂvard’s web site. It’s also listÂed in our big colÂlecÂtion of Free Online CoursÂes. You’ll find it listÂed with othÂer free phiÂlosÂoÂphy coursÂes.
In Book VII of The RepubÂlic, PlaÂto paints a dark scene for readÂers. ImagÂine prisÂonÂers shackÂled in a cave, their heads chained in such a way they can’t look out into the world itself. They can only see manipÂuÂlatÂed shadÂows on walls, and that’s about all. Known as the “alleÂgoÂry of the cave,” this pasÂsage lets PlaÂto offer comÂmenÂtary about the nature of realÂiÂty and human underÂstandÂing. In an episode of PhiÂlosÂoÂphy Bites, Simon BlackÂburn (CamÂbridge UniÂverÂsiÂty) talks with Nigel WarÂburÂton and David Edmonds about what PlaÂto realÂly wants to say here. And, above, some clever artists proÂvide an award-winÂning aniÂmaÂtion of the cave scene using nothÂing othÂer than clay. Big thanks to Eren at FilÂmAnÂnex for sendÂing this one our way.
If you would like to sign up for Open Culture’s free email newsletÂter, please find it here. It’s a great way to see our new posts, all bunÂdled in one email, each day.
If you would like to supÂport the misÂsion of Open CulÂture, conÂsidÂer makÂing a donaÂtion to our site. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your conÂtriÂbuÂtions will help us conÂtinÂue proÂvidÂing the best free culÂturÂal and eduÂcaÂtionÂal mateÂriÂals to learnÂers everyÂwhere. You can conÂtribute through PayÂPal, PatreÂon, and VenÂmo (@openculture). Thanks!
This week, TheNew York Times began a phiÂlosÂoÂphy blog called The Stone, modÂerÂatÂed by Simon CritchÂley. The series will address “issues both timeÂly and timeÂless – art, war, ethics, genÂder, popÂuÂlar culÂture and more.” And it will ask: “What does phiÂlosÂoÂphy look like today? Who are philosoÂphers, what are their conÂcerns and what role do they play in the 21st cenÂtuÂry?”
Not everyÂone is hapÂpy with the choice of CritchÂley as modÂerÂaÂtor, but it looks like there will be parÂticÂiÂpants to suit all temÂperaÂments: “NanÂcy Bauer, Jay BernÂstein, Arthur C. DanÂto, Todd May, NanÂcy SherÂman, Peter Singer and othÂers.”
CritchÂley begins with a quesÂtion bound to invite snarky comÂments: What is a PhilosoÂpher? Such comÂments have a long hisÂtoÂry (I’ve includÂed a YouTube clip of my all-time favorite parÂoÂdy above). And so the natÂurÂal startÂing point for any answer to that quesÂtion is the popÂuÂlar conÂcepÂtion of philosoÂpher as bullÂshit artist and “absent-mindÂed bufÂfoon”: “Socrates tells the stoÂry of Thales, who … was lookÂing so intentÂly at the stars that he fell into a well.” That’s a conÂcepÂtion that, I have to admit, trouÂbled me when I was a phiÂlosÂoÂphy gradÂuÂate stuÂdent and led me to drop out. And it has trouÂbled philosoÂphers hisÂtorÂiÂcalÂly: many a sober treaÂtise begins with the unflatÂterÂing comÂparÂiÂson of phiÂlosÂoÂphy to the empirÂiÂcal sciÂences and the statÂed goal of remÂeÂdyÂing this defiÂcienÂcy. And some strains of anaÂlytÂic phiÂlosÂoÂphy argue that the soluÂtion to philoÂsophÂiÂcal probÂlems is to realÂize that there are no such probÂlems, and that phiÂlosÂoÂphy has a relÂaÂtiveÂly modÂest supÂportÂing role in clarÂiÂfyÂing the founÂdaÂtions of sciÂence.
True to my philoÂsophÂiÂcal pediÂgree, I think that the quesÂtion is in a way its own answer: philoÂsophÂiÂcal probÂlems natÂuÂralÂly elide into the probÂlem of what phiÂlosÂoÂphy is and what it is that philosoÂphers do. One levÂel of reflecÂtion tends to lead to the next, and doubt to self-doubt. PhilosoÂphers are peoÂple who spend their time tryÂing to figÂure out what they’re doing with their time and why they’re doing it. And so for instance, quesÂtions about how we should live (ethics) and what we can know (episÂteÂmolÂoÂgy) are also quesÂtions about whether the life of the mind is worthÂwhile and whether philoÂsophÂiÂcal purÂsuits are propÂerÂly sciÂenÂtifÂic. The unavoidÂable state of affairs here is that phiÂlosÂoÂphy falls perÂpetÂuÂalÂly into one criÂsis (or well) after anothÂer –recent departÂment cloÂsures are just one examÂple.
One way of remÂeÂdyÂing the nagÂging thought that phiÂlosÂoÂphy is mereÂly a retreat from worldÂly affairs, pracÂtiÂcalÂiÂty, and life in genÂerÂal is to do preÂciseÂly what TheNew York Times has done here, and try to iniÂtiÂate more popÂuÂlar and less acaÂdÂeÂmÂic conÂverÂsaÂtions about the subÂject. (And to get in a plug, it’s what I and two othÂer phiÂlosÂoÂphy grad school dropouts have tried to do with our podÂcast, The ParÂtialÂly ExamÂined Life; and what I think Open CulÂture does with its focus on the interÂsecÂtion of eduÂcaÂtion and new media).
For CritchÂley, the quesÂtion of time is paraÂmount to answerÂing his openÂing quesÂtion: newsÂpaÂpers and blogs are typÂiÂcalÂly focused on timeÂliÂness rather than timeÂlessÂness, and they’re meant for busy peoÂple who want to quickÂly absorb “inforÂmaÂtion.”
But that tenÂsion is inherÂentÂly philoÂsophÂiÂcal.
Wes Alwan lives in Boston, MassÂaÂchuÂsetts, where he works as a writer and researcher and attends the InstiÂtute for the Study of PsyÂchoÂanalyÂsis and CulÂture. He also parÂticÂiÂpates in The ParÂtialÂly ExamÂined Life, a podÂcast conÂsistÂing of inforÂmal disÂcusÂsions about philoÂsophÂiÂcal texts by three phiÂlosÂoÂphy gradÂuÂate school dropouts.
AskPhilosoÂphers puts real philosoÂphers at the serÂvice of the genÂerÂal pubÂlic. Have a big, lofty quesÂtion that only a proÂfesÂsionÂal philosoÂpher can tackÂle? They’ll answer it on the web. And now on the iPhone. This new, free app (designed by Amherst ColÂlege) lets you access their Q&A archive on the go. While waitÂing in line for a cofÂfee, you can chew over this kind of exchange:
QuesÂtion: If you fail to stop someÂthing bad hapÂpenÂing to you is it the same as being comÂplicÂit in the act?
Answer: There is a comÂpliÂcatÂed litÂerÂaÂture in moral phiÂlosÂoÂphy about how to draw the disÂtincÂtion between doing and mereÂly allowÂing harm and whether this disÂtincÂtion has moral sigÂnifÂiÂcance. WithÂout tryÂing to navÂiÂgate that deep intelÂlecÂtuÂal thickÂet, it is still posÂsiÂble to begin to address your quesÂtion. If I’m comÂplicÂit in doing someÂthing bad, for instance, harmÂing anothÂer perÂson, then it seems I share the aim of my accomÂplices in harmÂing someÂone else. I intend harm. By conÂtrast, if I mereÂly allow someÂone else to harm, I needÂn’t and typÂiÂcalÂly don’t intend harm. While not intendÂing harm, I may be indifÂferÂent to the harm. It depends. I may not be indifÂferÂent to the harm (more…)
As he grows oldÂer, Woody Allen increasÂingÂly finds himÂself posiÂtioned as the philosoÂpher filmÂmakÂer. Fresh Air host TerÂry Gross asked him some heavy exisÂtenÂtial quesÂtions in an interÂview last year. (LisÂten here). And, more recentÂly, we have Allen grapÂpling with some big life quesÂtions in an interÂview conÂductÂed by Father Robert E. Lauder in the Catholic magÂaÂzine, ComÂmonÂweal. The conÂverÂsaÂtion begins:
RL: When IngÂmar Bergman died, you said even if you made a film as great as one of his, what would it matÂter? It doesn’t gain you salÂvaÂtion. So you had to ask yourÂself why do you conÂtinÂue to make films. Could you just say someÂthing about what you meant by “salÂvaÂtion”?
WA: Well, you know, you want some kind of relief from the agony and terÂror of human exisÂtence. Human exisÂtence is a bruÂtal expeÂriÂence to me…it’s a bruÂtal, meanÂingÂless experience—an agoÂnizÂing, meanÂingÂless expeÂriÂence with some oases, delight, some charm and peace, but these are just small oases. OverÂall, it is a bruÂtal, bruÂtal, terÂriÂble expeÂriÂence, and so it’s what can you do to alleÂviÂate the agony of the human conÂdiÂtion, the human predicaÂment? That is what interÂests me the most. I conÂtinÂue to make the films because the probÂlem obsessÂes me all the time and it’s conÂsisÂtentÂly on my mind and I’m conÂsisÂtentÂly tryÂing to alleÂviÂate the probÂlem, and I think by makÂing films as freÂquentÂly as I do I get a chance to vent the probÂlems. There is some relief. I have said this before in a faceÂtious way, but it is not so faceÂtious: I am a whinÂer. I do get a cerÂtain amount of solace from whinÂing.
Last week, Craig FerÂguÂson probÂaÂbly made a litÂtle teleÂviÂsion hisÂtoÂry when he invitÂed a phiÂlosÂoÂphy proÂfesÂsor to appear on The Late Late Show. The guest is Jonathan DanÂcy, a prof at UT-Austin, who also hapÂpens to be the father of actor Hugh DanÂcy, and the father-in-law of actress Claire Danes. And the unlikeÂly topÂic of disÂcusÂsion? Moral parÂticÂuÂlarÂism, which argues that moralÂiÂty is conÂtexÂtuÂal, not objecÂtiveÂly defined. The conÂverÂsaÂtion runs 11 minÂutes, and it’s intriguÂing to see how FerÂguÂson and DanÂcy navÂiÂgate the interÂview, tryÂing to bring phiÂlosÂoÂphy and comÂeÂdy togethÂer. MeanÂwhile, if you’re a regÂuÂlar Open CulÂture readÂer, you’ll note that DanÂcy’s thinkÂing stands in sharp conÂtrast to the conÂtroÂverÂsial vision of moral phiÂlosÂoÂphy outÂlined by Sam HarÂris at the recent TED ConÂferÂence.
What’s good, and what’s evil? TraÂdiÂtionÂalÂly, reliÂgion and phiÂlosÂoÂphy have answered these quesÂtions, pushÂing sciÂence to the side, askÂing it to stick to the world of natÂurÂal laws and knowÂable facts. But Sam HarÂris wants to change things. At TED, he’s arguÂing that sciÂence (parÂticÂuÂlarÂly neuÂroÂscience) can address moral quesÂtions preÂciseÂly because these quesÂtions fall into the world of knowÂable facts. And, even betÂter, sciÂence can proÂvide definÂiÂtive, highÂly objecÂtive answers to such quesÂtions. Just as there are sciÂenÂtifÂic answers to all quesÂtions in physics, so there are clear answers in the moral realm. This applies, for examÂple, to whether chilÂdren should be subÂjectÂed to corÂpoÂral punÂishÂment, or how sociÂety deals with very meanÂingÂful genÂder quesÂtions. (Things get a litÂtle emoÂtionÂal on this topÂic at about 11 minÂutes in.) The upshot is that HarÂris isn’t buyÂing a radÂiÂcalÂly relÂaÂtivist posiÂtion on moralÂiÂty, and this will disÂapÂpoint many post-modÂernists. The EnlightÂenÂment project is alive and well, ready to make its comeÂback.
We're hoping to rely on loyal readers, rather than erratic ads. Please click the Donate button and support Open Culture. You can use Paypal, Venmo, Patreon, even Crypto! We thank you!
Open Culture scours the web for the best educational media. We find the free courses and audio books you need, the language lessons & educational videos you want, and plenty of enlightenment in between.