See Peter O’Toole Talk Hamlet with Orson Welles (1963) and Play Petruchio in The Taming of the Shrew (1986)

To write an obit­u­ary for Peter O’Toole, who died this past Sun­day, I would pick no oth­er writer than New York­er film crit­ic Antho­ny Lane. Luck­i­ly, the New York­er had the same incli­na­tion. In his “post­script” piece on O’Toole, Lane ref­er­ences one of my favorite pieces of tele­vi­sion talk, view­able above. “To watch O’Toole and Orson Welles on the BBC’s Mon­i­tor pro­gram, in 1963, as they rumi­nate at length on Ham­let and his father’s ghost,” he writes, “is to real­ize what a real talk show is, or what it could be, when the air­waves were still haunt­ed by the grand talk­ers. What takes you slight­ly aback, how­ev­er, is not that O’Toole seems will­ing and able to dis­cuss sev­en­teenth-cen­tu­ry Catholic doc­trines of the after­life but that, with his dicky bow, dark shirt, and thick-rimmed black spec­ta­cles, he looks like a man in dis­guise.” Lane points out what even some of us O’Toole fans nev­er quite real­ized: “scan his fil­mog­ra­phy and you see how sel­dom he made an impact in mod­ern garb, and what ele­gant shel­ter he sought in peri­od dress.”

Even film­go­ers who’ve seen only O’Toole’s most famous per­for­mances in lav­ish, wider-than-widescreen his­tor­i­cal films — Lane high­lights his title role, a mas­ter work of tense­ly focused flam­boy­ance, in David Lean’s Lawrence of Ara­bia and his turn as gen­tle Regi­nald John­son, tutor of the title char­ac­ter in Bernar­do Bertoluc­ci’s The Last Emper­or — rec­og­nize the strength he drew from step­ping into the past and its haze of myth. O’Toole enjoyed some of his finest per­for­ma­tive hours, his most ded­i­cat­ed fol­low­ers say, when he stepped all the way back into the six­teenth cen­tu­ry, to the time of Shake­speare. Remark­ing on his ten­den­cy to play oth­er nation­al­i­ties — the Eng­lish Lawrence, the Scot­tish John­son — Lane observes that “he was Irish, as tall and slim and unsnap­pable as a Malac­ca cane, and one regret, for his moviego­ing fans, was that they saw and heard far less of O’Toole the Celt than their the­atre-lov­ing coun­ter­parts were priv­i­leged to enjoy.” Just above, you can at least hear one more instance of the the­atri­cal, and Shake­speare­an, O’Toole in action — not, alas, as an Irish­man, but as an Ital­ian: Petru­chio, the strong-willed (and fem­i­nist-loathed) suit­or at the heart of The Tam­ing of the Shrew. Note that this per­for­mance, a pro­duc­tion of Liv­ing Shake­speare in 1986, uses an abridged ver­sion of the play, but O’Toole him­self cer­tain­ly sounds in full form.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Lawrence of Ara­bia Remem­bered with Rare Footage

Acclaimed BBC Pro­duc­tion of Ham­let, Star­ring David Ten­nant (Doc­tor Who) and Patrick Stew­art (Star Trek)

A Sur­vey of Shakespeare’s Plays (Free Course)

Pink Floyd’s David Gilmour Sings Shakespeare’s Son­net 18

Col­in Mar­shall hosts and pro­duces Note­book on Cities and Cul­ture and writes essays on cities, Asia, film, lit­er­a­ture, and aes­thet­ics. He’s at work on a book about Los Ange­les, A Los Ange­les Primer. Fol­low him on Twit­ter at @colinmarshall or on his brand new Face­book page.

Hand-Colored Photographs of 19th Century Japan

hand colored japanese photos

This week, The Pub­lic Domain Review (PDR) post­ed a series hand-col­ored albu­mine prints (“a process which used the albu­men found in egg whites to bind the pho­to­graph­ic chem­i­cals to the paper) from 19th cen­tu­ry Japan. They date back to 1880.

Some of the prints, like the one below, cer­tain­ly have a for­eign qual­i­ty to them. They feel far away in terms of time and place. But oth­ers (like the shot above) feel remark­ably close, some­thing we can all relate to today.

Hand coloured photographs of 19th century Japan

Accord­ing to the PDR, the pic­tures came to reside in the Dutch Nation­al Archive as a result of the cen­turies-long com­mer­cial rela­tion­ship between the Dutch and the Japan­ese. More vin­tage pix can be viewed here.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

The Old­est Col­or Movies Bring Sun­flow­ers, Exot­ic Birds and Gold­fish Back to Life (1902)

One of the Ear­li­est Known Pho­tos of Guys Sit­ting Around and Drink­ing Beer (Cir­ca 1845)

1922 Pho­to: Claude Mon­et Stands on the Japan­ese Foot­bridge He Paint­ed Through the Years

Morgan Freeman Masterfully Recites Nelson Mandela’s Favorite Poem, “Invictus”

Nel­son Man­dela, who died on Decem­ber 5, 2013, had spent more than a quar­ter of his life serv­ing time in var­i­ous jails. While behind bars for the 18-year peri­od between 1962 and 1980, the anti-apartheid rev­o­lu­tion­ary edu­cat­ed both him­self and oth­ers to pre­pare for the advent of mul­tira­cial equal­i­ty in South Africa. Dur­ing his con­fine­ment at the Robben Island prison, Man­dela stud­ied law by cor­re­spon­dence at the Uni­ver­si­ty of Lon­don, learned Afrikaans to fos­ter a rap­port with jail­house war­dens, and was instru­men­tal in launch­ing the “Uni­ver­si­ty of Robben Island”, where pris­on­ers pos­sess­ing exper­tise in par­tic­u­lar fields pre­sent­ed lec­tures to their fel­low inmates.

Mandela’s stay, how­ev­er, was fre­quent­ly marred by demean­ing and deplorable treat­ment. Ini­tial­ly, black pris­on­ers were humil­i­at­ed by being giv­en shorts, com­mon­ly worn by chil­dren, rather than full-length pants as uni­forms. Man­dela was also for­bid­den from wear­ing sun­glass­es when forced to labor at a lime­stone quar­ry, and the harsh reflec­tions from the rocks dam­aged his vision. The quar­ry dust also dam­aged his tear ducts, which made it impos­si­ble for him to cry until receiv­ing cor­rec­tive surgery in 1994. Per­haps the most painful moments arrived in the late 1960s, when Man­dela lost his moth­er and first­born son, and was denied per­mis­sion to attend their funer­als.

In spite of these ordeals, Man­dela per­se­vered. In an inter­view with Char­lie Rose, above, Mor­gan Free­man dis­cuss­es Mandela’s reliance on William Ernest Henley’s 1875 poem, “Invic­tus,” to keep his hope alive:

“That poem was his favorite… When he lost courage, when he felt like just giv­ing up — just lie down and not get up again — he would recite it. And it would give him what he need­ed to keep going.”

Free­man, who played Man­dela in the 2009 film Invic­tus, also pro­vides a solemn and dig­ni­fied recita­tion of the poem begin­ning at 3:51. Although the poem is best known for pro­vid­ing suc­cour to Man­dela in times of despair, its words of courage have served as inspi­ra­tion to count­less oth­ers. Famous fig­ures who have drawn hope from “Invic­tus” include the father of Burmese oppo­si­tion leader Aung San Suu Kyi dur­ing his strug­gle for Burmese inde­pen­dence and ten­nis cham­pi­on Andre Agas­si. Rumor has it that U.S. Pres­i­dent Franklin D. Roo­sevelt was also quite fond of it. We’ve includ­ed the full text for “Invic­tus” below:

Out of the night that cov­ers me,

Black as the Pit from pole to pole,

I thank what­ev­er gods may be

For my uncon­quer­able soul.

In the fell clutch of cir­cum­stance

I have not winced nor cried aloud.

Under the blud­geon­ings of chance

My head is bloody, but unbowed.

Beyond this place of wrath and tears

Looms but the Hor­ror of the shade,

And yet the men­ace of the years

Finds, and shall find, me unafraid.

It mat­ters not how strait the gate,

How charged with pun­ish­ments the scroll.

I am the mas­ter of my fate:

I am the cap­tain of my soul.

H/T to Bruno, one of our read­ers, for send­ing this video our way.

Ilia Blin­d­er­man is a Mon­tre­al-based cul­ture and sci­ence writer. Fol­low him at @iliablinderman.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Nel­son Mandela’s First-Ever TV Inter­view (1961)

U2 Releas­es a Nel­son Man­dela-Inspired Song, “Ordi­nary Love”

Nel­son Man­dela Archive Goes Online

Find “Invic­tus” in our Free Audio Books and Free eBooks col­lec­tions.

Watch Kids’ Priceless Reactions to Hearing the Timeless Music of The Beatles

Yes­ter­day, John McMil­lian, assis­tant pro­fes­sor of his­to­ry at Geor­gia State Uni­ver­si­ty, appeared on KQED’s Forum in San Fran­cis­co (lis­ten here) to talk about his new book Bea­t­les vs. Stones. It offers a new look at how the two British bands co-exist­ed, often helped one anoth­er, and strate­gi­cal­ly defined them­selves against each oth­er. The Bea­t­les were every­man’s band. Whole­some, clean-cut, wit­ty, the Fab Four appealed to the young and the old, the rich and the poor. The Stones, try­ing to make a name for them­selves in the wake of Beat­le­ma­nia, posi­tioned them­selves as the anti-Bea­t­les. As the jour­nal­ist Tom Wolfe once wrote, “The Bea­t­les want to hold your hand, but the Stones want to burn down your town.”

50 years lat­er, The Bea­t­les still have a near­ly uni­ver­sal appeal. The Boomers and their now mid­dle-aged chil­dren haven’t let dust gath­er on The Bea­t­les’ discog­ra­phy. And, if you plunk the grand­chil­dren in front of old Bea­t­les’ videos, they’ll love what they see. Just watch above.

Don’t miss any­thing from Open Cul­ture. Sign up for our Dai­ly Email or RSS Feed. And we’ll send qual­i­ty cul­ture your way, every day.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

The Bea­t­les: Unplugged Col­lects Acoustic Demos of White Album Songs (1968)

Flash­mob Per­forms The Bea­t­les’ ‘Here Comes the Sun’ in Madrid Unem­ploy­ment Office

The Bea­t­les Per­form in a Spoof of Shakespeare’s A Mid­sum­mer Night’s Dream, 1964

A Short Film on the Famous Cross­walk From the Bea­t­les’ Abbey Road Album Cov­er

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1976 Film Blank Generation Documents CBGB Scene with Patti Smith, The Ramones, Talking Heads, Blondie & More

Fans of brat­ty New York punk-turned-seri­ous writer Richard Hell or schlocky Ger­man hor­ror direc­tor Ulli Lom­mel or—why not—both, will like­ly know of Lommel’s 1980 Blank Gen­er­a­tion, a film unre­mark­able except for its cast­ing of Hell and his excel­lent Voidoids as fea­ture play­ers. (Their debut 1977 album and sin­gle are also called Blank Gen­er­a­tion.) The movie, as a review­er puts it, “seems as if each mem­ber of the pro­duc­tion was under the impres­sion they were work­ing on a dif­fer­ent film than the rest of their col­lab­o­ra­tors…. You can’t help but think that some­thing more watch­able could be pro­duced out of the raw footage with a good edi­tor.”

One might approach an ear­li­er film, also called Blank Gen­er­a­tion—the raw 1976 doc­u­men­tary about the bud­ding New York punk scene above—with sim­i­lar expec­ta­tions of coher­ent pro­duc­tion and nar­ra­tive clar­i­ty. But this would be mis­tak­en. The first Blank Gen­er­a­tion is a film that rewards no expec­ta­tions, except per­haps expect­ing to be con­stant­ly dis­ori­ent­ed. But that would seem to me a giv­en for a gen­uine doc­u­ment of what Lydia Lunch chris­tened “No Wave,” the delib­er­ate­ly taste­less 70s hybrid of punk, rock, new wave, noise, free jazz, and jar­ring com­bi­na­tion of ama­teur and pro­fes­sion­al exper­i­men­ta­tion that came to define the sound of down­town for decades to come.

Shot and direct­ed by fre­quent Lunch and Pat­ti Smith col­lab­o­ra­tor Ivan Kral and pio­neer­ing indie film­mak­er Amos Poe, the doc­u­men­tary fea­tures Smith, The Ramones, Talk­ing Heads, Blondie, Tele­vi­sion, The Heart­break­ers, Wayne/Jayne Coun­ty, and pret­ty much every­one else on the CBGB’s scene at the time. The Austin Film Soci­ety sums it up well. Kral and Poe’s Blank Gen­er­a­tion

exem­pli­fied a punk­ish atti­tude toward film struc­ture with hand­held zooms, angled com­po­si­tions, flood­light light­ing, extreme close-ups, ellip­ti­cal edit­ing, flash pans, and a gen­er­al in-your-face and “up-yours” stance. Sound and image pur­pose­ly do not synch. In many cas­es music and image were record­ed on sep­a­rate nights—more eco­nom­i­cal because of the high cost of raw film stock with sound, but also an aes­thet­ic nod to Jean-Luc Godard who had slashed the umbil­i­cal cord unit­ing sound and image. Out of the French New Wave came the New York No Wave.

The influ­ence is evi­dent, though it’s not par­tic­u­lar­ly use­ful con­text. Real­ly, all you need to know is con­tained with­in the frame: in the lilt­ing rasp of Pat­ti Smith’s “Glo­ria,” in close-up shots of Joey Ramone’s crotch and filthy sneak­ers, in the youth­ful David Byrne’s jan­g­ly acoustic gui­tar and the sleazy lounge-punk of Television’s trib­ute to Iggy Pop, “Lit­tle John­ny Jew­el.” Of course lat­er No Wave stal­warts like Teenage Jesus & The Jerks, Swans, Son­ic Youth, John Zorn, DNA, and Mars don’t appear—but some get their due else­where. And while the Hell/Lommel film might be worth a watch for curios­i­ty’s sake, the first Blank Gen­er­a­tion is a tru­ly incred­i­ble his­tor­i­cal doc­u­ment that deserves repeat­ed view­ing.

It’ll get added to our col­lec­tion of 600 Free Movies Online.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

CBGB’s: The Roots of Punk Lets You Watch Vin­tage Footage from the Hey­day of NYC’s Great Music Scene

Deb­bie Har­ry Turns 68 Today. Watch Blondie Play CBGB in the Mid-70s in Two Vin­tage Clips

The Ramones in Their Hey­day, Filmed “Live at CBGB,” 1977

The Talk­ing Heads Play CBGB, the New York Club that Shaped Their Sound (1975)

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. Fol­low him at @jdmagness

From the Drain: A Creepy Comedy David Cronenberg Made in Film School (1967)

You’d expect a bit of strange­ness from David Cro­nen­berg‘s stu­dent films, but for most of its short length, From the Drain, which he made in 1967 while attend­ing the Uni­ver­si­ty of Toron­to, seems to deliv­er strange­ness of an unex­pect­ed kind. Play­ing more like Wait­ing for Godot than his lat­er vivid-to-the point of har­row­ing pic­tures like CrashVideo­drome, or The Fly, this thir­teen-minute black-and-white film, only Cro­nen­berg’s sec­ond, presents us with two fel­lows seat­ed, ful­ly clothed, in a bath­tub. The sit­u­a­tion looks bizarre, and as soon as the play­ers start talk­ing, it reveals itself as even more bizarre than we’d thought: evi­dent­ly, one of these men has mis­tak­en the tub for “the Dis­abled War Vet­er­ans’ Recre­ation Cen­ter.” The con­ver­sa­tion con­tin­ues with­out its par­tic­i­pants leav­ing their porce­lain con­fines, mak­ing a cer­tain kind of sense on the sur­face but none at all beneath. This feels almost like the realm of Mon­ty Python’s Fly­ing Cir­cus, which would­n’t debut and begin exert­ing its vast influ­ence on young comedic film­mak­ers until 1969.

We’d feel more secure in our laugh­ter if we did­n’t know who its direc­tor would go on to become. These days, when you watch any­thing by Cro­nen­berg, per­haps the best-known liv­ing auteur of tech­no­log­i­cal men­ace, “body hor­ror,” and form­less dread, you can rest rea­son­ably assured that some­thing will soon­er or lat­er go hor­ri­bly, vis­cer­al­ly awry onscreen. So it comes to pass in From the Drain, whose title gives some sug­ges­tion as to the nature of the ulti­mate malev­o­lence. Don’t let the hyper-far­ci­cal dia­logue, the goofy per­for­mances, or the clas­si­cal gui­tar sound­track mis­lead you; here we def­i­nite­ly have a project by the king of unset­tle­ment, though at a time when he pre­sum­ably had yet to earn even the title of prince of unset­tle­ment, a point from which he could look for­ward to decades of more advanced and much creepi­er visu­al effects. At this point in his career, how­ev­er, with the bleak-look­ing Hol­ly­wood satire Maps to the Stars due out in the near future, he seems to need noth­ing so elab­o­rate, still unset­tling us, but pre­fer­ring to do it sub­tly.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Stan­ley Kubrick’s Very First Films: Three Short Doc­u­men­taries

The Hearts of Age: Orson Welles’ Sur­re­al­ist First Film (1934)

The First Films of Great Direc­tors: Kubrick, Cop­po­la, Scors­ese, Taran­ti­no, and Truf­faut

600 Free Movies Online: Great Clas­sics, Indies, Noir, West­erns, etc.

Col­in Mar­shall hosts and pro­duces Note­book on Cities and Cul­ture and writes essays on cities, Asia, film, lit­er­a­ture, and aes­thet­ics. He’s at work on a book about Los Ange­les, A Los Ange­les Primer. Fol­low him on Twit­ter at @colinmarshall or on his brand new Face­book page.

Yakov Smirnoff Remembers “The Soviet Department of Jokes” & Other Staples of Communist Comedy

Yakov Smirnoff has the dis­tinc­tion of being the most famous Russ­ian com­ic in Amer­i­ca. He’s also the only Russ­ian com­ic in Amer­i­ca (ba-dum-dum). But seri­ous­ly: In his mid-80s hey­day, he had the mar­ket cor­nered on Sovi­et humor in the U.S. What­ev­er demand there was, Smirnoff sup­plied it, sin­gle­hand­ed­ly, as a fix­ture in ads, TV show and film appear­ances, com­e­dy spe­cials, late-night talk shows…. His was the only face of Russ­ian humor any­one knew in the 80s (unless we’re count­ing Ivan Dra­go). Smirnoff even war­rant­ed a Fam­i­ly Guy ref­er­ence, which pret­ty much cements his rep­u­ta­tion as end­less­ly recy­clable pop cul­ture syn­di­ca­tion fod­der.

And yet, post-Sovi­et Rus­sia, it’s hard to imag­ine there’s a place for Yakov Smirnoff, since corny jokes at the expense of end-stage Russ­ian com­mu­nism were not only his bread and but­ter, but his whole comedic menu, such that Marc Maron intro­duces Smirnoff as a guest on his WTF Pod­cast above with: “that guy, with his hook, that cer­tain­ly isn’t rel­e­vant any­more. How does a guy like that sur­vive?” Ouch. But what a hook it was, says Maron: a won­der­struck immi­grant exclaim­ing “What a coun­try!” as he took in each new cap­i­tal­ist mar­vel. He was like a real-life ver­sion of one of Andy Kauf­man’s char­ac­ters, or a pre-Borat East­ern Euro­pean inno­cent abroad. The act car­ried him beyond his mid-eight­ies 15 min­utes of fame and through a 20-year career enter­tain­ing mid­dle-class Amer­i­cans in Bran­son, Mis­souri.

But was there much demand for Smirnoff’s brand of humor even at his peak? If you didn’t have the great for­tune of liv­ing through the 80s, you might be sur­prised at just how pop­u­lar his sort of thing could be—“a Russ­ian com­ic talk­ing about how great Amer­i­ca was.” But it wasn’t only Smirnoff’s per­sona that flat­tered our sense of eco­nom­ic, polit­i­cal, and moral supe­ri­or­i­ty. A whole genre of Sovi­et jokes had a promi­nent place in the dis­course, with knee-slap­pers about KGB sur­veil­lance and bread lines and oth­er pri­va­tions com­mon­ly tossed around at din­ner par­ties. Even Ronald Rea­gan tried his hand at it, as you can see here. Rea­gan’s deliv­ery was nev­er my cup of tea, but you can also see Smirnoff do his impres­sion of Rea­gan telling the same joke in the video at the top of the post.

And while revis­it­ing Smirnof­f’s not exact­ly mete­oric rise to fame in the U.S. is fun for its own sake, what’s even more inter­est­ing are Smirnof­f’s seri­ous rem­i­nis­cences of his time grow­ing up and work­ing as a com­ic in Rus­sia. The seri­ous Smirnoff is full of psy­cho­log­i­cal insights (he has a mas­ters degree in the sub­ject from Penn) and soci­o­log­i­cal anec­dotes about life under a repres­sive com­mu­nist regime—though he nev­er miss­es a chance for some of the old Smirnoff mate­r­i­al, com­plete with his honk­ing, don­key-like laugh­ter.

For exam­ple, about twen­ty min­utes into his WTF inter­view, Smirnoff dis­cuss the seri­ous sub­ject of joke approval in the Sovi­et Union. That’s right, in all seri­ous­ness, he tells us, comics were required to sub­mit their mate­r­i­al to a Depart­ment of Jokes. Smirnoff also once spoke expan­sive­ly on the sub­ject in a 1985 Chica­go Tri­bune piece on him at his peak.

Yep. There’s a Depart­ment of Jokes. Actu­al­ly, the Min­istry of Cul­ture has a very big depart­ment of humor. I’m seri­ous now. Once a year they cen­sor your mate­r­i­al, and then you have to stay with what they have approved. You can‘t impro­vise or do any­thing like that. You write out your mate­r­i­al and mail it to them, and they send it back to you with cor­rec­tions. After that, you stay with it for a year.

It is per­haps for this rea­son that comics in Sovi­et Rus­sia bor­rowed lib­er­al­ly from each oth­er, rarely did orig­i­nal mate­r­i­al, and nev­er, ever impro­vised. Says Smirnoff: “I would do some orig­i­nal mate­r­i­al, but that would be unusu­al. Also, it was OK for come­di­ans to borrow—if one of the big come­di­ans went on tele­vi­sion and did a monolog, next day 10 or 20 oth­er come­di­ans would do the same thing in clubs. That was­n’t con­sid­ered steal­ing.”

It also turns out that seri­ous Yakov Smirnoff explains the com­ic stylings of his per­sona, the corn­ball char­ac­ter:

It was old jokes, more vaude­ville type of humor. More like Eng­lish-style com­e­dy. Or like Hen­ny Young­man. One-lin­ers or sto­ries that have been told over and over again but they’re still fun­ny. No impro­vi­sa­tion com­e­dy. You don’t impro­vise. You don’t tell sto­ries about your­self the way Amer­i­can comics do.

So it turns out that a lot of those bad jokes about Rus­sia at the tail end of the Cold War actu­al­ly descend­ed from the source. Take this one from Smirnoff:

A funer­al pro­ces­sion is going by, and they’re walk­ing a goat behind the cof­fin. A guy comes over and says, “Why are you walk­ing a goat behind the cof­fin?” The oth­er guys says, “That goat killed my moth­er-in-law.” The first guy says, “Can I bor­row this goat for a week?” The sec­ond guy says, “You see all these peo­ple in the pro­ces­sion? They’re all wait­ing. Get in line.”

See? It’s a joke about stand­ing in line! Also, about moth­ers-in-law, which must be a tru­ly uni­ver­sal sub­ject. Find more of Smirnof­f’s insights into Sovi­et humor and joke cen­sor­ship at the full Chica­go Tri­bune inter­view piece and on Maron’s WTF pod­cast.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

The Nazis’ 10 Con­trol-Freak Rules for Jazz Per­form­ers: A Strange List from World War II

Joseph Stal­in, a Life­long Edi­tor, Wield­ed a Big, Blue, Dan­ger­ous Pen­cil

Stephen Fry Pro­files Six Russ­ian Writ­ers in the New Doc­u­men­tary Russia’s Open Book

A Look Back at Andy Kauf­man: Absurd Com­ic Per­for­mance Artist and Endear­ing Weirdo

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. Fol­low him at @jdmagness

Filmmaker Kirby Ferguson Explains How Apple’s iPhone Was A Remixed Creation

In Every­thing is a Remix, dig­i­tal film­mak­er Kir­by Fer­gu­son has cre­at­ed a four-part seri­al­ized ode to remix­ing as inno­va­tion. Fer­gu­son sees all artis­tic pur­suits as deriv­a­tive of their pre­de­ces­sors to some degree, and in parts 1 and 2, he method­i­cal­ly demon­strates how cre­ative endeav­ors con­sid­ered rev­o­lu­tion­ary in their fields are often high­ly reliant on the ground­work laid by their fore­run­ners. It’s all about “stand­ing on the shoul­ders of giants.” Heavy met­al pio­neers Led Zep­pelin were thor­ough­ly indebt­ed to the blues, bor­row­ing lib­er­al­ly from Howl­in’ Wolf’s “Killing Floor” on “Lemon Song,” while Star Wars’ shots can be matched, with a sur­pris­ing­ly high degree of cor­re­spon­dence, to scenes from Flash Gor­don and Aki­ra Kuro­sawa films.

Fer­gu­son believes that all cre­ation is the result of copy­ing, trans­for­ma­tion, and com­bi­na­tion, and the series’ third and fourth install­ments show Apple to be the ide­al exam­ple of this process. Xerox had ini­tial­ly devel­oped the scroll bar, pop-up menus, and the desk­top-inspired inter­face. Apple, how­ev­er, copied Xerox’s work, trans­formed the inter­face by sim­pli­fy­ing the user expe­ri­ence, and com­bined the com­put­er with the idea of a home appli­ance, yield­ing its icon­ic Mac­in­tosh mod­el. It was Apple’s low­er price point and focus on every­day usabil­i­ty that made the Mac­in­tosh vast­ly more pop­u­lar.

In the most recent addi­tion to the Every­thing is a Remix series, above, Fer­gu­son returns to Apple, and uses its iPhone as a stand­alone case study in inno­va­tion. Apart from the size­able engi­neer­ing prob­lem of cre­at­ing a viable mul­ti-touch screen, Apple was forced into unchart­ed waters in phone design by remov­ing the iPhone’s key­pad and replac­ing it with screen area. To make the nov­el device seem acces­si­ble to con­sumers, Apple incor­po­rat­ed ele­ments of old tech­nolo­gies: users saw a reel to reel tape deck in the pod­cast app, heard type­writer clicks when they entered text, and flipped vir­tu­al pages in iBooks. Fer­gu­son demon­strates that it is pre­cise­ly the cou­pling of the iPhone’s pecu­liar new touch screen with famil­iar visu­als and inter­faces that allowed Apple to woo a lead­ing share of cus­tomers to its phone.

The most inter­est­ing devel­op­ment arrived by 2010, when mul­ti-touch screens had become a smart­phone stan­dard, and Apple was forced to inno­vate in dif­fer­ent ways. No longer need­ing to famil­iar­ize users with the tech­nol­o­gy, the com­pa­ny was free to work sole­ly with­in the medi­um, which allowed the lat­est iter­a­tion of its mobile oper­at­ing sys­tem, iOS 7, to have dra­mat­i­cal­ly few­er fea­tures ground­ed in real-world design. Instead of look­ing for mate­r­i­al inspi­ra­tion in tapes and type­writ­ers, Apple assessed its com­peti­tors and inte­grat­ed their phones’ best attrib­ut­es into iOS 7. This new iOS bor­rowed its con­trol cen­ter and pull-down noti­fi­ca­tions fea­tures from the Android oper­at­ing sys­tem, while its mul­ti­task­ing paid homage to Win­dows, Android, and per­haps even Palm Pre phones. The visu­als, too, were dra­mat­i­cal­ly sim­pler, flat­ter, and less real­is­tic, in line with a style that’s become large­ly asso­ci­at­ed with the Win­dows phone. All in all, just anoth­er exam­ple of remix­ing as inno­va­tion.

To watch Ferguson’s com­plete series on remix­ing as a form of cre­ativ­i­ty and inno­va­tion, as well as more of his work, head to our pre­vi­ous post Every­thing is a Remix.

Ilia Blin­d­er­man is a Mon­tre­al-based cul­ture and sci­ence writer. Fol­low him at @iliablinderman.

How to Follow Open Culture Posts: Daily Email & RSS Are Gold, Twitter Is an Option, Forget About Facebook

email facebookRead­ers often ask us, “What’s the best way to make sure that I don’t miss any of your posts?” The answer, right now, is pret­ty clear: Sign up for our dai­ly email. Each day, you will receive an email that tidi­ly wraps up every­thing we’ve fea­tured on the site over a 24 hour peri­od. Faith­ful­ly it will appear in your inbox each day. The oth­er great option is our trusty RSS feed: https://feeds.feedburner.com/OpenCulture

You can always fol­low us on Twit­ter (or Google Plus), where we high­light our dai­ly posts, plus many oth­er cul­tur­al curiosi­ties found on the web. The only down­side is that a riv­er of mate­r­i­al flows through Twit­ter, so you’ll have to keep a pret­ty close eye on things to spot our posts.

Final­ly there’s Face­book, but you can almost for­get about that. Although near­ly a quar­ter mil­lion peo­ple have liked our Face­book page, Face­book has his­tor­i­cal­ly shown our posts to a frac­tion of that audi­ence (some­thing they’re can­did about). And because of a new algo­rithm change, the frac­tion is get­ting sub­stan­tial­ly small­er. The unfor­tu­nate bot­tom line is that you can’t rely on Face­book to give you what you want. But you can rely on our dai­ly email and our feed. They’re 100% guar­an­teed. Now back to our reg­u­lar­ly sched­uled pro­gram.

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Illustrated Etiquette Guide Explains How to Ride the Paris Metro in a Civilized Way

MUSIC

Fel­low rid­ers fail­ing to observe prop­er com­muter eti­quette ranks high on the pet peeves list of habit­u­al sub­way users world­wide. While pas­sen­gers play­ing music loud enough for oth­er com­muters to hear would be incon­ceiv­able in Osa­ka, Japan, most straphang­ers would­n’t bat an eye at iPods blast­ing in New York. Mean­while, New York­ers have their own spin on sub­way eti­quette. Gothamist, a New York City blog, fre­quent­ly posts pho­to­graph­ic vio­la­tions of the unspo­ken rid­ers’ code of con­duct; doc­u­ment­ed gaffes include bring­ing a Christ­mas tree on the sub­way and car­ry­ing a surf­board the wrong way.

To pre­vent such faux pas from ruin­ing the sub­way-rid­ing expe­ri­ences of Parisian com­muters, France’s pub­lic trans­port oper­a­tor (the RATP) has decid­ed to nip such gauche behav­ior in the bud by issu­ing a short illus­trat­ed man­u­al on sub­way man­nersThe Savoir Vivre Guide For The Mod­ern Trav­elleravail­able here, is a quaint 1950s-style primer that pro­vides much-need­ed point­ers for hap­less for­eign­ers and rur­al French vis­i­tors alike. Its 12 guide­lines, five of which are illus­trat­ed here, are a dis­til­la­tion of some 2000 tips that the RATP received in its crowd­sourced eti­quette cam­paign. For the sake of your read­ing plea­sure and trav­el­ling know-how, we’ve includ­ed a num­ber of the illus­tra­tions and tips below:

SMOKING

“Those No Smok­ing signs aren’t con­tem­po­rary art — they mean no smok­ing”

(C’est com­pren­dre que l’énorme cig­a­rette bar­rée sur le quai n’est pas une œuvre d’art con­tem­po­rain, mais une inter­dic­tion de fumer)

PHONE

“Be con­sid­er­ate when using your cell­phone”

(French read­ers will enjoy the pun: C’est ne pas faire de son portable un insup­port­able)

 

CREEP

“Don’t be a creep and stare at peo­ple”

(C’est ne pas fix­er une pas­sagère avec insis­tance, quand bien même elle aurait les yeux revolver)

 

HOT

“On hot days, make like the emper­or pen­guin — keep your arms low, and hold on to the bot­tom of the pole.”

(C’est les jours de grosse chaleur, tel le man­chot empereur, bien garder les bras le long du corps et pren­dre sa meilleure prise en bas du poteau, pas tout en haut)

For all 12 tips, head over to Gothamist.

Ilia Blin­d­er­man is a Mon­tre­al-based cul­ture and sci­ence writer. Fol­low him at @iliablinderman.

Studs Terkel Interviews Bob Dylan, Shel Silverstein, Maya Angelou & More in New Audio Trove

The recent­ly-launched dig­i­ti­za­tion project Pop­Up Archive hosts a great selec­tion of Studs Terkel audio. The site’s archive of inter­views comes from Terkel’s 1952–1997 radio show, “The Studs Terkel Pro­gram,” on the Chica­go sta­tion WFMT.

While Terkel is famous for inter­view­ing every­day peo­ple for his oral his­to­ries of the Depres­sion, work, and World War II, and his radio show fea­tured its fair share of stu­dents, domes­tic work­ers, and vet­er­ans, this par­tic­u­lar archive is full of big names: Actress and come­di­an Lily Tom­lin. Lit­er­ary the­o­rist Edward Said. Actor and activist Sid­ney Poiti­er.

A short trip into the inter­views reveals Shel Sil­ver­stein telling Terkel the sto­ry of his as-yet-unpub­lished book Laf­ca­dio, The Lion Who Shot Back, in a rapid-fire Chica­go accent. Terkel inter­views the pho­tog­ra­ph­er Diane Arbus about the Depres­sion, try­ing in vain to elic­it any mem­o­ries at all per­tain­ing to finan­cial stress. (Even Terkel couldn’t win them all.) And an inter­view with James Bald­win is punc­tu­at­ed by the unmis­tak­able sound of a Zip­po lighter in use.

Cur­rent­ly, there are about twen­ty audio files avail­able, and the archive promis­es more to come, pend­ing dig­i­ti­za­tion and the clear­ing of rights. (Let’s hope they hur­ry up! Some of the place­hold­er entries for not-yet-avail­able interviews—Buckminster Fuller, Mar­garet Mead, Arthur C. Clarke—are most tan­ta­liz­ing.)

The one down­side to this archive is that you can’t down­load the interviews—a poten­tial draw­back for addict­ed pod­cast fans. How­ev­er, if you have a smart­phone and a good data con­nec­tion, it’s sim­ple enough to lis­ten to the files straight from your phone’s Chrome brows­er.

Above you can lis­ten to Terkel inter­view a young Bob Dylan in 1963. The remain­ing parts of the inter­view can be found here. Note: The Dylan inter­view isn’t actu­al­ly in the Pop Up archive. But it is anoth­er one of Terkel’s leg­endary inter­views. So we want­ed to add it to the mix.

Rebec­ca Onion is a writer and aca­d­e­m­ic liv­ing in Philadel­phia. She runs Slate.com’s his­to­ry blog, The Vault. Fol­low her on Twit­ter: @rebeccaonion.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Studs Terkel Reads Poem “Blessed Be The Nation”

Voic­es from the Depres­sion: Studs Terkel Inter­views

Two Leg­ends Togeth­er: A Young Bob Dylan Talks and Plays on the Studs Terkel Pro­gram, 1963


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