The “Dark Relics” of Christianity: Preserved Skulls, Blood & Other Grim Artifacts

Chris­tian­i­ty often man­i­fests in pop­u­lar cul­ture through cel­e­bra­tions like Christ­mas and East­er, or icons like lambs and fish. Less often do you see it asso­ci­at­ed with vials of blood and dis­em­bod­ied heads. Yet as the new Hochela­ga video above reveals, the most famed Chris­t­ian arti­facts do tend toward the grue­some. Take one par­tic­u­lar­ly renowned exam­ple, the Shroud of Turin: hear the name, and you imag­ine a cloth bear­ing the image of Jesus Christ. But think about it a moment, and you remem­ber that it’s the blood­stained wrap­ping of a cru­ci­fied body — that is, if the tales told about it are true in the first place.

As with any reli­gious relics, you have to decide for your­self what to believe about all of these. If you pay a vis­it to the Basil­i­ca of St. Antho­ny in Pad­ua, you’ll see on dis­play the pre­served jaw of that holy fig­ure — which does, at least, look like a real human jaw. In south­east­ern France, at the basil­i­ca of Saint-Max­imin-la-Sainte-Baume, you’ll find a skull pur­port­ed to be that of Mary Mag­da­lene.

And we cer­tain­ly can’t rule out that it real­ly is, spec­u­la­tive though the evi­dence may be. The sit­u­a­tion grows some­what more com­pli­cat­ed with the head of John the Bap­tist — or rather, the heads of John the Bap­tist, four of which have been claimed in dif­fer­ent places so far.

“Dur­ing the Mid­dle Ages, relics were in high demand, and there were always peo­ple will­ing to sup­ply them,” explains Hochela­ga cre­ator Tom­mie Trelawny. “It’s often joked that, if you gath­ered all the alleged frag­ments of the true cross, you’d have enough wood to build a small for­est.” Even the Shroud of Turin has come under unfor­giv­ing scruti­ny. Radio­car­bon dat­ing has placed it in the mid-four­teenth cen­tu­ry, imply­ing a forgery, but more recent X‑ray tests sug­gest that its linen was made in the first cen­tu­ry, between the years 55 and 74: close enough to what we under­stand as the time of Jesus’ bur­ial. Debates over the authen­tic­i­ty of all these arti­facts will con­tin­ue for cen­turies — and quite pos­si­bly mil­len­nia — to come, but their pow­er­ful embod­i­ment of both “the deeply dis­turb­ing and the haunt­ing­ly beau­ti­ful” won’t fade away any time soon.

Relat­ed con­tent:

How Our Depic­tion of Jesus Changed Over 2,000 Years and What He May Have Actu­al­ly Looked Like

The British Muse­um is Full of Loot­ed Arti­facts

Europe’s Old­est Intact Book Was Pre­served and Found in the Cof­fin of a Saint

Did Psy­che­del­ic Mush­rooms Appear in Medieval Chris­t­ian Art?: A Video Essay

The Real Sto­ry of East­er: How We Got from the First East­er in the Bible to Bun­nies, Eggs & Choco­late

Based in Seoul, Col­in Marshall writes and broad­casts on cities, lan­guage, and cul­ture. His projects include the Sub­stack newslet­ter Books on Cities and the book The State­less City: a Walk through 21st-Cen­tu­ry Los Ange­les. Fol­low him on the social net­work for­mer­ly known as Twit­ter at @colinmarshall.


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  • JohnnyMo says:

    All these so-called relics are com­plete and total pro­pa­gan­da for a church los­ing it’s firm grip and con­trol on the pop­u­la­tion that they helped to keep poor, des­per­ate and une­d­u­cat­ed. Try­ing to prove that their insane lies are true is just to keep every­one in line.
    Exam­ples: 1. The Rap­ture — wow.
    2. The Catholic Church doc­trine states that it was “sci­en­tif­ic” fact that the more a woman was edu­cat­ed, the small­er her womb became. More wow.
    And the afore­men­tioned poor, des­per­ate and une­d­u­cat­ed peo­ple believed these things.
    Make this stop. It’s not real. Chil­dren get can­cer amd die every day. So then it’s one of 2 things: their God is a real sick bas­tard OR there sim­ply is no God at all. You decide.

  • Clint says:

    Thank you for your attempt to engage with the premis­es regard­ing relics, reli­gious belief, and the per­ceived fail­ings of the Catholic Church, but we must employ a more rig­or­ous and schol­ar­ly frame­work cen­tered on the nature of truth, even if it’s about the role of faith and the under­stand­ing of human suf­fer­ing.

    Your com­ment dis­miss­es the sig­nif­i­cance of relics, claim­ing they are mere pro­pa­gan­da. How­ev­er, if you think about the way you might val­ue an heir­loom or maybe even a child­hood mem­o­ry, this might be more infor­ma­tive of their true nature. For a devo­tee, relics hold pro­found the­o­log­i­cal and spir­i­tu­al val­ue. Augus­tine empha­sizes the impor­tance of the tan­gi­ble in con­nect­ing believ­ers through mate­r­i­al objects, serv­ing as con­duits to the super sen­su­al, “the things that are seen are tem­po­ral, but the things that are not seen are eter­nal” (City of God, 4.29). Relics, being mate­r­i­al rep­re­sen­ta­tions of the holy lives of saints, invite the faith­ful to remem­ber and imi­tate these exem­plars of virtue and grace.

    Thomas Aquinas fur­ther elu­ci­dates this notion in Sum­ma The­o­log­i­ca, where he asserts that the ven­er­a­tion of saints and their relics fos­ters char­i­ty and inspires believ­ers towards holi­ness (set apart from the quo­tid­i­an and mun­dane) in II-II, Q.82, Art. 3. To reduce relics to mere pro­pa­gan­da dis­miss­es their abil­i­ty to serve as reminders of the faith and as sources of grace through which believ­ers can deep­en their rela­tion­ship with God. Indeed, the pres­ence of a rel­ic can cre­ate an atmos­phere of the­o­log­i­cal reflec­tion and renew­al, serv­ing to strength­en the com­mu­nal faith rather than sim­ply rein­force con­trol, which I don’t know if you looked around late­ly, but there does­n’t seem to be a lot of pow­er and con­trol com­ing from the church today.

    Your com­ment ques­tions the doc­trines of the Church by rely­ing on out­landish exam­ples. Cit­ing the belief in the Rap­ture or the asser­tion that women’s edu­ca­tion affects fer­til­i­ty, implies that such doc­trines stem from a uni­ver­sal igno­rance that was and is nev­er ques­tioned with­in the faith. If you ever con­sid­er the lit­tle you actu­al­ly know about sci­ence and exis­tence, even the agnos­tic Socrates must con­fess a dia­log­i­cal rela­tion­ship of faith and rea­son.

    In the tra­di­tion of St. Thomas Aquinas, faith is under­stood to com­ple­ment rea­son, not oppose it. While some inter­pre­ta­tions of doc­trine may appear spu­ri­ous, it is essen­tial to scru­ti­nize the orig­i­nal the­o­log­i­cal inten­tions and under­stand­ings. For instance, the Church’s teach­ings on edu­ca­tion and fam­i­ly life are not mere attempts to sub­ju­gate women but can be viewed as calls to rec­og­nize the dig­ni­ty of life and the sacred­ness of mar­riage. Any mis­in­ter­pre­ta­tion or cor­rupt­ed under­stand­ing of these teach­ings may stem from con­tem­po­rary soci­etal con­texts rather than the core mes­sage itself.

    Augus­tine reflects on the nature of belief in Con­fes­sions, stat­ing that “faith is to believe what you do not see; the reward of this faith is to see what you believe” (9.10). The dynamism of faith does not negate the com­plex­i­ties of human expe­ri­ence but rather invites believ­ers to seek under­stand­ing and mean­ing, even in trou­bling times.

    Your comment’s asser­tion that the exis­tence of suf­fer­ing inval­i­dates belief in a just and good God touch­es upon a long­stand­ing philo­soph­i­cal and the­o­log­i­cal dilem­ma: the prob­lem of evil. A Thomistic response would empha­size the dis­tinc­tion between exis­tence and essence and how the pres­ence of evil can result from the mis­use of free will, a cen­tral tenet of Chris­t­ian anthro­pol­o­gy.

    Aquinas argues that suf­fer­ing and evil are not inher­ent­ly con­tra­dic­to­ry to God’s good­ness; instead, they can bring about greater goods and deep­er real­iza­tions of grace (ST, I, Q.2, Art.3). It is essen­tial to rec­og­nize that suf­fer­ing does not negate God’s pres­ence or benev­o­lence but can serve as a vehi­cle for moral and spir­i­tu­al growth—an oppor­tu­ni­ty for greater reliance and com­pas­sion for oth­ers. The abil­i­ty to find mean­ing amidst suf­fer­ing is a cor­ner­stone of the Chris­t­ian faith, one that tran­scends mere pro­pa­gan­da and engages with the more pro­found real­i­ties of human exis­tence. What great per­son can you think of who has not suf­fered great­ly?

    Augus­tine famous­ly believed that true hap­pi­ness lies not in the absence of suf­fer­ing but in the pres­ence of a high­er per­cep­tion of real­i­ty. He asserts that “God does not per­mit evil to exist in His cre­ation unless He is able to bring forth a greater good” (1.9). This per­spec­tive reframes the expe­ri­ence of suf­fer­ing from a pure­ly nihilis­tic view into one that acknowl­edges the pos­si­bil­i­ty of redemp­tive pur­pose and trans­for­ma­tion.

    The premis­es of your com­ment are fun­da­men­tal­ly weak­ened when sub­ject­ed to the rig­or­ous philo­soph­i­cal and the­o­log­i­cal per­spec­tives pro­vid­ed by St. Augus­tine and St. Thomas Aquinas,humans who lived hun­dreds of years ago, and led hap­pi­er and more ful­filled lives than any tech­no­log­i­cal advances of today, could ever hope to achieve for you.

  • Candace Williams says:

    Faith: The belief in some­thing with­out evi­dence.
    A virtue high­ly prized by the Church, for obvi­ous rea­sons.

  • Bobby Lime says:

    Clint, I can’t help laugh­ing at the con­trast of your com­ment with the igno­rant rav­ings of the sad and furi­ous man you were respond­ing to. Thank you for bring­ing ele­gance and light to this Com­ments sec­tion.

    At an aca­d­e­m­ic lev­el, I am unqual­i­fied to take issue with your asser­tions. I’m Protes­tant, and while I would­n’t endorse Catholic views of these mat­ters, I rec­og­nize their intel­lec­tu­al and the­o­log­i­cal valid­i­ty. Severe health “prob­lems” since I was sev­en kept me from acquir­ing the col­lege edu­ca­tion I wish I had. I can, how­ev­er, offer expe­ri­en­tial sup­port of what you wrote. My near life­long ill­ness has drawn me only clos­er to The Lord Jesus Christ.

    If you haven’t read “The Habit of Being,” the col­lec­tion of Flan­nery O’Con­nor let­ters, I think you’d find them inter­est­ing.

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