A couÂple of years ago I met Jason Epstein in passÂing and he excitÂedÂly described his new project: a machine to print On Demand Books. The plan is finalÂly bearÂing fruit: the EspresÂso Book Machine was demonÂstratÂed at the New York PubÂlic Library on WednesÂday. Three of the machines are out in the wild, and I susÂpect many more will appear if the proÂtoÂtypes live up to the hype.
The idea of books on demand is a litÂtle eerie but emiÂnentÂly effiÂcient. PubÂlishÂers and bookÂsellers waste milÂlions of dolÂlars, tons of fuel and forests of paper shipÂping, returnÂing and trashÂing unsold books every year. And if a machine like this isn’t too expenÂsive to run, it could revÂoÂluÂtionÂize eduÂcaÂtion in less accesÂsiÂble or wealthy parts of the world. The real quesÂtion is whether such a machine might do to bookÂstores what NetÂflix has done to video rental stores. The EspresÂso machine can only print paperÂbacks, so for now I think Barnes and Noble is safe. And even if the shelves are replaced with digÂiÂtal browsÂing disÂplays one day, many cusÂtomers will still want to enjoy their purÂchasÂes with an overÂpriced latÂte and pasÂtry. The social spaces of book-readÂing have yet to be destroyed by Amazon.com or the bloÂgosÂphere, so I think they’ll surÂvive a new kind of espresÂso machine.
What Book Changed Your Life? ParÂticÂiÂpate in a Group Project. Tell Us and Become EliÂgiÂble for a Prize .
Today, by popÂuÂlar demand, we’re runÂning an updatÂed verÂsion of one of our more popÂuÂlar posts to date. Enjoy…
At hasÂtened speeds durÂing the past year, we have seen book lovers recordÂing homeÂgrown audioÂbooks and postÂing them on sites like LibÂrivox (see our colÂlecÂtion of free audioÂbooks here). For obviÂous copyÂright reaÂsons, these audio texts largeÂly come from the pubÂlic domain, and, yes, they’re someÂtimes of uneven qualÂiÂty. Some good, some okay. Among the recent releasÂes, you’d expect to find great clasÂsiÂcal works — the major plays by ShakeÂspeare, the essenÂtial treaÂtisÂes by PlaÂto and othÂer philosoÂphers, etc. — and you do get some of those. HowÂevÂer, far more often you get texts by more modÂern writÂers who wrote withÂin the thriller, sci fi and advenÂture genÂres. Here, I’m talkÂing about WashÂingÂton IrvÂing, Robert Louis StevenÂson, Edgar Allen Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle, and H.G. Wells. (Find these podÂcasts here.)
It seems rather fitÂting that Wells, the father of sciÂence ficÂtion, would be among the first to have his writÂings digÂiÂtalÂly recordÂed and disÂtribÂuted. NowaÂdays, you can downÂload, sync and lisÂten to his major works – The New AccelÂerÂaÂtor (mp3), The InvisÂiÂble Man (iTunes — feed), The Time Machine (iTunes — feed), and The War of the Worlds (iTunes). But what’s betÂter than all of this, at least in our minds, is this vinÂtage gem …
Here you can downÂload the verÂsion of The War of the Worlds that Orson Welles famousÂly adaptÂed and aired on nationÂal radio in OctoÂber 1938. PreÂsentÂed so that it soundÂed like an actuÂal news broadÂcast, the Orson Welles verÂsion was misÂtakÂen for truth by many lisÂtenÂers who caught the proÂgram midÂstream (more info here), and, soon enough, they found themÂselves fleeÂing an unfoldÂing MarÂtÂian invaÂsion, runÂning down into their baseÂments with guns cocked and ready to fire. You can catch the mp3 verÂsion of the famous Welles recordÂing here (and also alterÂnaÂtiveÂly here). Have fun with this broadÂcast. It’s a clasÂsic.
When you think of The New YorkÂer, you don’t genÂerÂalÂly think of a magÂaÂzine with a subÂstanÂtial digÂiÂtal footÂprint. But, ever so gradÂuÂalÂly, under David RemÂnickÂ’s ediÂtoÂrÂiÂal direcÂtion, this instiÂtuÂtion in AmerÂiÂcan jourÂnalÂism and culÂturÂal comÂmenÂtary has launched a series of digÂiÂtal iniÂtiaÂtives that comÂpleÂment the traÂdiÂtionÂal print jourÂnal. And when you add them all up, you realÂize the magÂaÂzine is pretÂty far along the digÂiÂtal curve. How else can you look at it when The New YorkÂer now offers a fairÂly robust webÂsite, which comÂbines full pieces from the curÂrent print ediÂtion with speÂcialÂized online feaÂtures (take for examÂple the new blog by George PackÂer)? And then conÂsidÂer the fact that you can now buy on DVD the comÂplete hisÂtorÂiÂcal archive of the magÂaÂzine, going back to 1925, and then search and read through it on your comÂputÂer — all for a fairÂly scant $63. (Get your own copy here.)
More minor, but nonetheÂless interÂestÂing, forÂays into the digÂiÂtal world include some recent experÂiÂments on the podÂcast front. Not long ago, we menÂtioned that The New YorkÂer’s tradeÂmark carÂtoons have been aniÂmatÂed and can be watched as video podÂcasts (iTunes — Feed). Then there’s The New YorkÂer FicÂtion (iTunes — Feed), anothÂer relÂaÂtiveÂly new podÂcast that feaÂtures famous ficÂtion writÂers readÂing out loud selectÂed short stoÂries from the magazine’s ficÂtion archives. (It’s issued only monthÂly.) FinalÂly, to round things out, anothÂer podÂcast has recentÂly emerged, and it’s simÂply called ComÂment (iTunes — Feed) and that’s because it lets you lisÂten to a weekÂly readÂing of the magÂaÂzine’s “ComÂment” essay, often writÂten by HenÂdrik Hertzberg, Nicholas Lemann, or David RemÂnick himÂself. For a comÂplete list of New YorkÂer RSS feeds, click here.
The most recent major forÂay into the world of culÂtureÂboxÂes comes in an entireÂly difÂferÂent size and marÂket niche: the Apple iPhone. It may look difÂferÂent, but it has all the hallÂmarks of a culÂtureÂbox. The iPhone wants to delivÂer video, audio and the best of the Web; it hopes to revÂoÂluÂtionÂize its marÂket; it requires monthÂly serÂvice fees and a hefty price-tag to use fulÂly.
Just like Microsoft and Tivo, Apple has had some strugÂgles in getÂting their new device to live up to its promisÂes. The batÂterÂies on many of the iPhones are not livÂing up to expecÂtaÂtions and some stanÂdard phone feaÂtures seem to be missÂing. The new phone purÂports to comÂbine the roles of iPod and cell phone more eleÂgantÂly than any othÂer device.
Music. Video. ConÂnecÂtion. The Tivo, Xbox and iPhone all want to sell us culÂturÂal serÂvices through an inteÂgratÂed sysÂtem of digÂiÂtal conÂtrol. Record or purÂchase conÂtent from the authoÂrized digÂiÂtal store and watch it on the authoÂrized device. All three comÂpaÂnies know that the sucÂcess of their prodÂuct depends on mainÂtainÂing a delÂiÂcate balÂance between defendÂing the walls of their digÂiÂtal kingÂdoms and allowÂing in enough outÂside conÂtent to remain flexÂiÂble in uncerÂtain marÂkets. All three boxÂes can be hacked and manipÂuÂlatÂed, of course, but their manÂuÂfacÂturÂers are countÂing on the vast majorÂiÂty of cusÂtomers to play along and pay along.
Just as the box-makÂers strugÂgle to cut deals with conÂtent proÂducÂers to make their digÂiÂtal offerÂings appealÂing to conÂsumers, the “traÂdiÂtionÂal” culÂture indusÂtries are desÂperÂateÂly strugÂgling to embrace new forms. The New York Times reviews videogames as well as plays, and just about every major media instiÂtuÂtion has launched some kind of blog, web video serÂvice or podÂcast so you can conÂnect with the critÂics on whatÂevÂer culÂtureÂbox you preÂfer.
CulÂture served up on boxÂes is very difÂferÂent from pubÂlic perÂforÂmance or ephemerÂal newsprint. We can save up hours and hours of it; we can carÂry it around or dupliÂcate it. When we build up a library of music and videos, we own culÂturÂal objects in a way that was nevÂer realÂly posÂsiÂble before, when the best we could do was own perÂishÂable physÂiÂcal media. We can replay, reforÂmat, share and colÂlate favorites, and we can use our rankÂings and ratÂings to find new works. A lot of the most excitÂing techÂniÂcal advances have had to do with conÂnectÂing culÂtureÂboxÂes, but that so far that conÂnecÂtivÂiÂty mostÂly goes to proÂvidÂing betÂter culÂture for solo viewÂing. The three devices disÂcussed here all hope to change that.
The reign of culÂtureÂboxÂes is in many ways the perÂsonÂal, digÂiÂtal verÂsion of someÂthing that hapÂpened in the late 18th cenÂtuÂry: The birth of the modÂern museÂum. The idea was to gathÂer art, knowlÂedge and hisÂtoÂry togethÂer and frame them appropriately—saving up culÂture for you in vast marÂble boxÂes. Today’s perÂsonÂal culÂtureÂboxÂes will nevÂer replace theÂater or museÂum-going, but they extend the same promise of culÂturÂal litÂerÂaÂcy (have you finÂished TheSopraÂnos yet?). These days the promise is affilÂiÂatÂed with brand name digÂiÂtal empoÂria.
Like the Xbox, Tivo, and iPhone, many of the first museÂums wantÂed to be everyÂthing for everyÂbody, offerÂing visÂiÂtors hisÂtorÂiÂcal relics, bioÂlogÂiÂcal specÂiÂmens and strange devices in a mishÂmash of art, sciÂence and hokum. No wonÂder the XboxÂes are on the fritz: they’re tryÂing to capÂture all our totalÂly conÂflictÂed interÂests in just one device. EvenÂtuÂalÂly we’ll figÂure out what digÂiÂtal conÂtent realÂly belongs in our pockÂet on a two-inch screen, what needs to stay in the livÂing room, and what to keep out of the box entireÂly. I should have some time to think about it while my Xbox gets repaired.
The online magÂaÂzine Slate runs most of its arts and culÂture stoÂries in a secÂtion called “CulÂtureÂbox.” IronÂiÂcalÂly, it’s takÂen the conÂsumer elecÂtronÂics indusÂtry sevÂerÂal years to catch up, but now it seems like every new gadÂget is marÂketÂed as a culÂtureÂbox, from the shiny iPhone to the pioÂneerÂing Tivo to the hot-runÂning Xbox 360. ManÂuÂfacÂturÂers, adverÂtisÂers and proÂducÂers everyÂwhere are thinkÂing about how to sell us sleekÂer, betÂter boxÂes and the media that go with them.
The trouÂble is, nobody is quite sure what the culÂtureÂbox should look like or what it should do. We can all agree on video, audio and some kind of storÂage funcÂtion. But do we want our media pockÂet-sized or on a big screen? Is the goal to enterÂtain us on the comÂmute or to build up a library of cherÂished media objects? More imporÂtantÂly, when we say “culÂture” do we essenÂtialÂly mean teleÂviÂsion or the whole panoply of forms? Are culÂtureÂboxÂes just TV by othÂer means or are there genÂuineÂly new culÂturÂal forms on the horiÂzon?
Last week Microsoft announced that Xbox 360s are failÂing in unpreceÂdentÂed numÂbers: A draÂmatÂic examÂple of CulÂtureÂbox AnxÂiÂety SynÂdrome. The new genÂerÂaÂtion of videogame conÂsoles allow us to do so much more than blastÂing aliens—video on demand, HD and Blu-Ray DVD playÂback, online chatÂting and music library manÂageÂment are just a few of the roles these parÂticÂuÂlar culÂtureÂboxÂes want to serve. The comÂplexÂiÂty is clearÂly an overÂload: the New York Timesargues that the $1 bilÂlion Microsoft is setÂting aside for this probÂlem implies that between a third and half of Xbox 360 conÂsoles could get the culÂtureÂbox blues. Now a high-levÂel Xbox execÂuÂtive has announced his resÂigÂnaÂtion, though few peoÂple think it’s a punÂishÂment since the platÂform is genÂerÂalÂly sellÂing well.
PerÂhaps I’m only writÂing because I use all these gadÂgets and my Xbox recentÂly sucÂcumbed to “red ring of death” synÂdrome. IronÂiÂcalÂly, it only freezes up when I use it to load a videogame. But there is a broadÂer issue here: the transÂforÂmaÂtion of culÂture from someÂthing we expeÂriÂence in conÂcert halls, movie theÂaters and othÂer shared pubÂlic spaces into someÂthing that we do on the couch or on the go.
The online magÂaÂzine Slate runs most of its arts and culÂture stoÂries in a secÂtion called “CulÂtureÂbox.” IronÂiÂcalÂly, it’s takÂen the conÂsumer elecÂtronÂics indusÂtry sevÂerÂal years to catch up, but now it seems like every new gadÂget is marÂketÂed as a culÂtureÂbox, from the shiny iPhone to the pioÂneerÂing Tivo to the hot-runÂning Xbox 360. ManÂuÂfacÂturÂers, adverÂtisÂers and proÂducÂers everyÂwhere are thinkÂing about how to sell us sleekÂer, betÂter boxÂes and the media that go with them.
The trouÂble is, nobody is quite sure what the culÂtureÂbox should look like or what it should do. We can all agree on video, audio and some kind of storÂage funcÂtion. But do we want our media pockÂet-sized or on a big screen? Is the goal to enterÂtain us on the comÂmute or to build up a library of cherÂished media objects? More imporÂtantÂly, when we say “culÂture” do we essenÂtialÂly mean teleÂviÂsion or the whole panoply of forms? Are culÂtureÂboxÂes just TV by othÂer means or are there genÂuineÂly new culÂturÂal forms on the horiÂzon?
Last week Microsoft announced that Xbox 360s are failÂing in unpreceÂdentÂed numÂbers: A draÂmatÂic examÂple of CulÂtureÂbox AnxÂiÂety SynÂdrome. The new genÂerÂaÂtion of videogame conÂsoles allow us to do so much more than blastÂing aliens—video on demand, HD and Blu-Ray DVD playÂback, online chatÂting and music library manÂageÂment are just a few of the roles these parÂticÂuÂlar culÂtureÂboxÂes want to serve. The comÂplexÂiÂty is clearÂly an overÂload: the New York Timesargues that the $1 bilÂlion Microsoft is setÂting aside for this probÂlem implies that between a third and half of Xbox 360 conÂsoles could get the culÂtureÂbox blues. Now a high-levÂel Xbox execÂuÂtive has announced his resÂigÂnaÂtion, though few peoÂple think it’s a punÂishÂment since the platÂform is genÂerÂalÂly sellÂing well.
PerÂhaps I’m only writÂing because I use all these gadÂgets and my Xbox recentÂly sucÂcumbed to “red ring of death” synÂdrome. IronÂiÂcalÂly, it only freezes up when I use it to load a videogame. But there is a broadÂer issue here: the transÂforÂmaÂtion of culÂture from someÂthing we expeÂriÂence in conÂcert halls, movie theÂaters and othÂer shared pubÂlic spaces into someÂthing that we do on the couch or on the go.
Keen’s arguÂment can essenÂtialÂly be boiled down to this: Web 2.0 has brought us blogs, Youtube-style video, Wikipedia and othÂer platÂforms that proÂmote user-genÂerÂatÂed conÂtent, and it’s all killing our CulÂture. Hacks are now crankÂing out “an endÂless digÂiÂtal forÂest of mediÂocÂrity;” “the proÂfesÂsionÂal is being replaced by the amaÂteur… the HarÂvard proÂfesÂsor by the unschooled popÂuÂlace;” “kids can’t tell the difÂferÂence between credÂiÂble news by objecÂtive proÂfesÂsionÂal jourÂnalÂists and what they read on joeshmoe.blogspot.com;” “every postÂing is just anothÂer perÂsonÂ’s verÂsion of the truth;” with the net result being that in “today’s culÂture of the amaÂteur, the monÂkeys are runÂning the show.” Using his own words, that’s the gist of Keen’s arguÂment.
You’d think that by posiÂtionÂing himÂself as the defendÂer of high culÂture and culÂturÂal authorÂiÂty, Keen would uphold his end of the barÂgain. That is, you’d expect him to offer us a nuanced, careÂfulÂly-craftÂed look at the uses and abusÂes of Web 2.0. But that is not what you get here. MissÂing the mark, The Cult of the AmaÂteur is long on hyperÂbolÂic rhetoric (see above) and short on subÂtle thinkÂing and balÂance. It stretchÂes out arguÂments that ought to fill a 15 page artiÂcle to 215 pages, and reitÂerÂates the same points again and again. (Although tarÂgetÂed to the busiÂness comÂmuÂniÂty, the book places no preÂmiÂum on effiÂcienÂcy.) And then you have sprinÂkled in varÂiÂous diletÂtanÂtish refÂerÂences to philosoÂphers (Marx, Rousseau, HaberÂmas, etc.), couÂpled with slopÂpy readÂings of othÂer conÂtemÂpoÂrary media observers.
The ultiÂmate irony is that Keen’s polemic against amaÂteur conÂtent comes off as strangeÂly amaÂteurÂish. It’s mostÂly operÂatÂing at the same levÂel as the very bloÂgosÂphere he’s attackÂing. And this impresÂsion only gets conÂfirmed by his admisÂsion in the acknowlÂedgÂments: “I conÂfess that, as a writer, I remain a bit of an amaÂteur. This is my first book, and I’m still learnÂing the craft of this comÂplex busiÂness.” ApparÂentÂly, the divide between traÂdiÂtionÂal media and digÂiÂtal media, between high culÂture and low culÂture, is not as real and imperÂmeÂable as Keen would have us believe.
If anyÂone wants my copy of Keen’s book, just let me know. I will send it anyÂwhere in the US at book rate. But be warned that it has some illegÂiÂble marÂginÂaÂlia, and my kid dooÂdled on one page (page 40), unbeÂknownst to me. But think of it this way: You get what you don’t pay for. Our email address is in the banÂner above. First come, first served.
Last weekend’s New York Times SunÂday MagÂaÂzine has declared this the Amateur’s Hour, an era when unpaid hobÂbyÂists can edit breakÂing news, design space techÂnolÂoÂgy for NASA, and preÂdict the end of the world. That last artiÂcle is clearÂly an outÂlier, but the first two raise an interÂestÂing point—are we getÂting betÂter serÂvice from processÂes like Wikipedia than we did from traÂdiÂtionÂal, top-down hierÂarÂchies?
This is a debate that’s been going on for the past couÂple of years under the guise of Web 2.0, culÂmiÂnatÂing in the “You” econÂoÂmy announced with much fanÂfare by Time MagÂaÂzine last DecemÂber. In that debate, the batÂtle lines are clearÂly drawn between the YouTube-using, Google Map-mashÂing enthuÂsiÂasts and the skepÂtics, like aJaron Lanier, who preÂdicts a form of DigÂiÂtal MaoÂism. In that verÂsion of the arguÂment, blogÂgers are either citÂiÂzen jourÂnalÂists or incomÂpeÂtent muckÂrakÂers clogÂging the pores of the body politic.
Now the debate seems to have moved into a wider circle—the realm of the amaÂteur verÂsus the proÂfesÂsionÂal, with or withÂout the interÂnet. Major outÂfits from NetÂflix to NASA have been tryÂing to outÂsource some of their trickÂiÂest probÂlems to the genÂerÂal pubÂlic, which is as bizarre as it is excitÂing. Andrew Keen, arguably the most Web 2.0‑enabled critÂic of Web 2.0, is well-placed to comÂbat the Times covÂerÂage with his new book, The Cult of the AmaÂteur: How Today’s InterÂnet is Killing our CulÂture, which he describes as a polemic against all of the monÂkeys with typeÂwritÂers and webÂcams (that is, us) the InterÂnet has now unleashed upon civÂiÂlizaÂtion.
PerÂsonÂalÂly, I find it hard to believe that “real culÂture” is drownÂing in a sea of YouTube. If there’s one thing we’re tryÂing to do at Open CulÂture, it’s to harÂness Web 2.0 techÂnoloÂgies to bring you the best stuff there is: top-notch conÂtent from uniÂverÂsiÂties, culÂturÂal proÂgrams and online media around the world. The fact that it might be creÂatÂed by anyÂone, for anyÂone doesn’t necÂesÂsarÂiÂly make it bad or good—our job as a Web 2.0 filÂter is to sort that out for you and offer our best sugÂgesÂtions.
Keen’s self-proÂmoÂtionÂal enerÂgy is an excelÂlent examÂple of how techÂnolÂoÂgy can enhance the great conÂverÂsaÂtion. He’s arguÂing his case everyÂwhere from Google’s HQ (watch here on YouTube) to the Strand BookÂstore in ManÂhatÂtan. A mulÂtiÂplicÂiÂty of viewÂpoints creÂates debate, and debate is genÂerÂalÂly a good thing. If there’s one lesÂson to be learned from “real culÂture” it’s that life’s great quesÂtions don’t have neat or satÂisÂfyÂing answers. InterÂestÂing conÂverÂsaÂtion is about the best we can hope for, so why not invite more peoÂple to join in?
We're hoping to rely on loyal readers, rather than erratic ads. Please click the Donate button and support Open Culture. You can use Paypal, Venmo, Patreon, even Crypto! We thank you!
Open Culture scours the web for the best educational media. We find the free courses and audio books you need, the language lessons & educational videos you want, and plenty of enlightenment in between.