How Conflict Helped Create Pink Floyd’s “Comfortably Numb” and Its Legendary Guitar Solos

Even among the most acclaimed albums ever record­ed, not a sin­gle one is per­fect. That goes more so for the releas­es of what I call the “hero­ic age of the album,” which enjoyed its zenith around the late sev­en­ties. Not coin­ci­den­tal­ly, 1979 was the year that Pink Floyd put out The Wall, a rock opera whose sprawl across two discs deals with themes rang­ing from the bomb­ings of the Sec­ond World War to drug depen­den­cy to fas­cist impuls­es to the iso­la­tion of super­star­dom. This ambi­tion was repaid: The Wall soon became the best-sell­ing dou­ble album of all time, despite hav­ing been received with at least a mea­sure of ambiva­lence over the grand­ness, or per­haps grandios­i­ty, of the scale of its pro­duc­tion and the tone of its nar­ra­tive.

Yet those few pre­pared to call The Wall an artis­tic fail­ure must nev­er­the­less acknowl­edge how much impres­sive work it real­ly does con­tain. Of its pop­u­lar­ly appre­ci­at­ed achieve­ments, per­haps the most mem­o­rable is David Gilmour’s gui­tar solo, or rather the gui­tar solos, on “Com­fort­ably Numb,” a song about being med­ical­ly revived from a sub­stance-induced stu­por moments before giv­ing a con­cert.

They cer­tain­ly stuck in my own head in sev­enth grade, when my music teacher assigned our class term paper ana­lyz­ing the album, and kept pop­ping back into it over the sub­se­quent decades. “His play­ing is so lyri­cal,” says YouTu­ber David Hart­ley in his new video about the mak­ing of “Com­fort­ably Numb.” “The way he plays each note is in a way that you can almost sing it, and the way he uses phras­es is so sim­ple, and so beau­ti­ful.”

These solos were record­ed in a con­text of less-than-smooth sail­ing for the Floyd: as we’ve pre­vi­ous­ly fea­tured here on Open Cul­ture, “Com­fort­ably Numb” was the prod­uct of anoth­er argu­ment punc­tu­at­ing the long-fray­ing part­ner­ship between Gilmour and lead singer Roger Waters, for whom The Wall was a way of ren­der­ing his own life expe­ri­ences and per­cep­tions in musi­cal form. But as some­times hap­pens, con­flict — in this case, between two com­pet­ing and stark­ly dif­fer­ent con­cepts of the song, whose evo­lu­tion Hart­ley explains with demo record­ings and inter­view clips — pro­duced a greater result than any one artist’s vision. It all arrives at what Hart­ley calls “pos­si­bly the great­est gui­tar solo of all time,” which clos­es out side three, and indeed the most fruit­ful era of Gilmour and Waters’ col­lab­o­ra­tion. Even those who can’t take The Wall too seri­ous­ly have to admit that life isn’t nec­es­sar­i­ly easy for a rock star, much less for two of them in the same stu­dio.

Relat­ed con­tent:

How Pink Floyd’s “Com­fort­ably Numb” Was Born From an Argu­ment Between Roger Waters & David Gilmour

The His­to­ry of the Elec­tric Gui­tar Solo: A Sev­en-Part Series

Pink Floyd Songs Played Splen­did­ly on a Harp Gui­tar: “Com­fort­ably Numb,” “Wish You Were Here” & More

Oxford Sci­en­tist Explains the Physics of Play­ing Elec­tric Gui­tar Solos

David Gilmour & David Bowie Sing “Com­fort­ably Numb” Live (2006)

The Evo­lu­tion of the Rock Gui­tar Solo: 28 Solos, Span­ning 50 Years, Played in 6 Fun Min­utes

Based in Seoul, Col­in Marshall writes and broad­casts on cities, lan­guage, and cul­ture. He’s the author of the newslet­ter Books on Cities as well as the books 한국 요약 금지 (No Sum­ma­riz­ing Korea) and Kore­an Newtro. Fol­low him on the social net­work for­mer­ly known as Twit­ter at @colinmarshall.

Kurt Vonnegut Diagrams the Shape of All Stories in a Master’s Thesis Rejected by U. Chicago

“What has been my pret­ti­est con­tri­bu­tion to the cul­ture?” asked Kurt Von­negut in his auto­bi­og­ra­phy Palm Sun­day. His answer? His master’s the­sis in anthro­pol­o­gy for the Uni­ver­si­ty of Chica­go, “which was reject­ed because it was so sim­ple and looked like too much fun.” The ele­gant sim­plic­i­ty and play­ful­ness of Vonnegut’s idea is exact­ly its endur­ing appeal. The idea is so sim­ple, in fact, that Von­negut sums the whole thing up in one ele­gant sen­tence: “The fun­da­men­tal idea is that sto­ries have shapes which can be drawn on graph paper, and that the shape of a giv­en society’s sto­ries is at least as inter­est­ing as the shape of its pots or spear­heads.” In 2011, we fea­tured the video below of Von­negut explain­ing his the­o­ry, “The Shapes of Sto­ries.” We can add to the dry wit of his les­son the pic­to-info­graph­ic by graph­ic design­er Maya Eil­am above, which strik­ing­ly illus­trates, with exam­ples, the var­i­ous sto­ry shapes Von­negut described in his the­sis. (Read a con­densed ver­sion here.)

The pre­sen­ter who intro­duces Von­negut’s short lec­ture tells us that “his sin­gu­lar view of the world applies not just to his sto­ries and char­ac­ters but to some of his the­o­ries as well.” This I would affirm. When it comes to puz­zling out the import of a sto­ry I’ve just read, the last per­son I usu­al­ly turn to is the author. But when it comes to what fic­tion is and does in gen­er­al, I want to hear it from writ­ers of fic­tion. Some of the most endur­ing lit­er­ary fig­ures are expert writ­ers on writ­ing. Von­negut, a mas­ter com­mu­ni­ca­tor, ranks very high­ly among them. Does it do him a dis­ser­vice to con­dense his ideas into what look like high-res, low-read­abil­i­ty work­place safe­ty graph­ics? On the con­trary, I think.

Though the design may be a lit­tle slick for Von­negut’s unapolo­get­i­cal­ly indus­tri­al approach, he’d have appre­ci­at­ed the slight­ly corny, slight­ly macabre boil­er­plate iconog­ra­phy. His work turns a sus­pi­cious eye on over­com­pli­cat­ed pos­tur­ing and cham­pi­ons unsen­ti­men­tal, Mid­west­ern direct­ness. Vonnegut’s short, trade pub­li­ca­tion essay, “How to Write With Style,” is as suc­cinct and prac­ti­cal a state­ment on the sub­ject in exis­tence. One will encounter no more ruth­less­ly effi­cient list than his “Eight Rules for Writ­ing Fic­tion.” But it’s in his “Shapes of Sto­ries” the­o­ry that I find the most insight into what fic­tion does, in bril­liant­ly sim­ple and fun­ny ways that any­one can appre­ci­ate.

Note: An ear­li­er ver­sion of this post appeared on our site in 2014.

Relat­ed Con­tent: 

Kurt Von­negut Explains “How to Write With Style”

The Shape of A Sto­ry: Writ­ing Tips from Kurt Von­negut

Kurt Von­negut Offers 8 Tips on How to Write Good Short Sto­ries

Kurt Von­negut: Where Do I Get My Ideas From? My Dis­gust with Civ­i­liza­tion

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. 

An Introduction to the Islamic World: 1,000 Years of History in 19 Minutes

Ref­er­ences to Islam in major media can make it sound mono­lith­ic and eter­nal. But it’s actu­al­ly a much younger and less uni­fied phe­nom­e­non than many of us imag­ine, espe­cial­ly if we hap­pen to live out­side the Mid­dle East. As a reli­gion, it dates back “only” to the sev­enth cen­tu­ry, when it was found­ed by the Prophet Muham­mad. As an engine of large-scale civ­i­liza­tion, Islam took a bit longer to come into its own, and it has­n’t stopped under­go­ing divi­sions, trans­for­ma­tions, declines, and rebirths since. Here on Open Cul­ture, we recent­ly fea­tured a video from YouTube chan­nel How So cov­er­ing 1,000 years of medieval Euro­pean his­to­ry in 20 min­utes. The one above does the same thing for the Islam­ic world’s first mil­len­ni­um, end­ing with the rise of the Ottoman Empire.

After he unit­ed the for­mer­ly poly­the­is­tic Arab tribes under his new faith, Muham­mad lived for a decade longer. His death in the year 632 marked the last time that every believ­er in Islam would have been on the same page. It was at that point that the title caliph, or suc­ces­sor, was defined, and the first four caliphs after Muham­mad held pow­er for thir­ty years, the peri­od in which the first Mus­lim state emerged.

The caliphate, as their ter­ri­to­ry was called, expand­ed wide­ly across and out of the Ara­bi­an Penin­su­la, into the ter­ri­to­ries of the Byzan­tine and Sas­san­ian empires. Sup­port­ers of the ear­ly caliph Ali ibn Abi Tal­ib argued that he was the true heir to Islam, and detrac­tors that he was­n’t. Even­tu­al­ly, the for­mer group became known as the Shias, and the lat­ter as the Sun­nis, the two sides of a schism of which prac­ti­cal­ly every­one today has heard.

Less­er known to the gen­er­al pub­lic are the Umayyads, Abbasids, Buyids, and Fatimids, all of them major play­ers in the con­tin­u­ing expan­sion of Islam well into the Mid­dle Ages. But the still-famil­iar place names of Dam­as­cus, Jerusalem, Bagh­dad, and Con­stan­tino­ple (or, as we know it, Istan­bul) are just as impor­tant in these chap­ters of the sto­ry of Islam, and with­out under­stand­ing that reli­gion, it’s impos­si­ble to under­stand the diverse forms that civ­i­liza­tion has tak­en in those places and oth­ers in the wider region of the world around them. The cri­sis of author­i­ty that began set­ting in after Muham­mad’s death has, in some sense, per­sist­ed for near­ly four­teen cen­turies now, more than long enough to have become a defin­ing char­ac­ter­is­tic of the Islam­ic world. What shape its soci­eties will take over the next mil­len­ni­um, it would sure­ly take a prophet to know.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

The Birth and Rapid Rise of Islam, Ani­mat­ed (622‑1453)

500+ Beau­ti­ful Man­u­scripts from the Islam­ic World Now Dig­i­tized & Free to Down­load

How Medieval Islam­ic Engi­neer­ing Brought Water to the Alham­braThe Com­plex Geom­e­try of Islam­ic Art & Design: A Short Intro­duc­tion

The World Map That Intro­duced Sci­en­tif­ic Map­mak­ing to the Medieval Islam­ic World (1154 AD)

Learn Islam­ic & Indi­an Phi­los­o­phy with 107 Episodes of the His­to­ry of Phi­los­o­phy With­out Any Gaps Pod­cast

1,000 Years of Medieval Euro­pean His­to­ry in 20 Min­utes

Based in Seoul, Col­in Marshall writes and broad­casts on cities, lan­guage, and cul­ture. He’s the author of the newslet­ter Books on Cities as well as the books 한국 요약 금지 (No Sum­ma­riz­ing Korea) and Kore­an Newtro. Fol­low him on the social net­work for­mer­ly known as Twit­ter at @colinmarshall.

The First Live Performance of Nirvana’s “Smells Like Teen Spirit” (1991)

It’s almost 35 years ago now that Nirvana’s video for “Smells Like Teen Spir­it” debuted on MTV’s 120 Min­utes and, for bet­ter or worse, inau­gu­rat­ed the grunge era. The video (below) arrived as a shock and a thrill to a gen­er­a­tion too young to remem­ber punk and sick of the steady stream of cheesy cor­po­rate dance music and hair met­al that char­ac­ter­ized the late-80s. For every­one out­side the small Seat­tle scene that nur­tured them and the tape-trad­ing kids in the know, the band seemed to arrive out of nowhere as a total angst-rid­den pack­age, and the MTV video, by first-time direc­tor Samuel Bay­er, seemed brac­ing­ly anar­chic and raw at the time.

But a look at the first live per­for­mance of “Teen Spir­it” (above) makes it seem pret­ty tame by com­par­i­son. The video’s a lit­tle grainy and low-res, which suits the song just fine. Live, “Teen Spir­it’s” dis­turb­ing under­tones are more pro­nounced, its qui­et-loud dynam­ics more force­ful, and the ener­gy of the crowd is real, not the thrash­ing around of a bunch of teenage extras. Not a cheer­leader in sight, but I think this would have grabbed me more than the pep ral­ly-riot-themed MTV video did when it debuted a few months lat­er. Despite their anti-cor­po­rate stance, Nir­vana was a casu­al­ty of their own suc­cess, eat­en up by the machin­ery they despised. Their best moments are still the unscript­ed and unpre­dictable. For con­trast, zip back to 1991 and watch the MTV video below.

Note: An ear­li­er ver­sion of this post appeared on our site in 2012.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Nirvana’s Home Videos: Watch Nir­vana Rehearse in Krist Novoselic’s Mother’s House (1988)

Watch Nir­vana Per­form “Smells Like Teen Spir­it,” Just Days After the Release of Nev­er­mind (1991)

Nir­vana Before They Were Nir­vana: Watch Their 1988 Per­for­mance Record­ed in a Radio Shack

Nir­vana Refus­es to Play ‘Smells Like Teen Spir­it’ After the Crowd Hurls Sex­ist Insults at the Open­ing Act (Buenos Aires, 1992)

Nir­vana Refus­es to Mime Along to “Smells Like Teen Spir­it” on Top of the Pops (1991)

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. 

The Largest Bookshelf Tour Ever Filmed: Inside a Classicist’s 20,000-Volume Library

If you grew up in the last few gen­er­a­tions, chances are you did­n’t get much of an edu­ca­tion, if any, in Latin or ancient Greek. One long-made argu­ment for phas­ing them out of cur­ric­u­la in Eng­lish-speak­ing coun­tries holds that room must be made for Span­ish, Man­darin, and oth­er lan­guages actu­al­ly used at scale in the mod­ern world. Nowa­days, when even those class­es face the pres­sure of extinc­tion, advo­ca­cy for clas­si­cal lan­guages exudes an ever stronger con­trar­i­an appeal. “Dead” though they may be, they also live on through not just the Romance lan­guages, but also the mighty hege­mon known as Eng­lish. Indeed, it makes sense to ask whether an Anglo­phone with­out knowl­edge of Latin or Greek tru­ly under­stands his own native tongue.

Nor, accord­ing to clas­si­cist David But­ter­field, can one learn Latin with­out hav­ing any Greek. Get­ting a han­dle on both of those lan­guages and their sur­viv­ing body of texts isn’t just the work of a life­time; it also fills a house, as evi­denced by the two-and-a-half-hour video tour of But­ter­field­’s per­son­al library above. (The sub­se­quent two hours con­tain But­ter­field­’s intro­duc­tions to a selec­tion of par­tic­u­lar vol­umes from his many shelves.) Youtu­ber Tim­o­thy Ken­ny has pre­vi­ous­ly uploaded quite a few such videos on the col­lec­tions of seri­ous bib­lio­philes, but this one he describes as the largest ever attempt­ed, includ­ing the com­plete Loeb Clas­si­cal Library, I Tat­ti Renais­sance Library, and Pauly-Wis­sowa ency­clo­pe­dias.

Yet accord­ing to But­ter­field him­self, a young man by the stan­dards of his pro­fes­sion and spe­cial­ty, he’s still got a lot of col­lect­ing to do. He’s only about 80 per­cent of the way to a full set of Oxford Uni­ver­si­ty Press’ Very Short Intro­duc­tions, a series through which I’ve been grad­u­al­ly mak­ing my own way in recent years. Hav­ing found that its books offer “a real­ly good view of what­ev­er the top­ic or per­son is,” he decid­ed to “col­lect all the vol­umes that inter­est­ed me. And that emerged to be more than I thought, because I am inter­est­ed in almost every­thing.” But with all of us, no mat­ter how broad­ly curi­ous, some of his inter­ests are stronger than oth­ers, as one might expect from a man with the patience to amass a great amount of man­u­als for writ­ing Greek and Latin prose and verse made for school­boys (and, often, con­tain­ing their doo­dles).

After spend­ing a cou­ple of decades at Cam­bridge, But­ter­field crossed the Atlantic to go from one of the old­est insti­tu­tions of high­er edu­ca­tion to one of the very newest. He’s now Provost of and Pro­fes­sor of Latin at Ral­ston Col­lege in Savan­nah, Geor­gia, which received its first cohort of stu­dents in 2022. With its mas­ter’s degree pro­gram close­ly focused on ancient, medieval and mod­ern lit­er­a­ture and art con­sid­ered foun­da­tion­al to West­ern civ­i­liza­tion, it seems like the kind of insti­tu­tion designed to attract some­one like But­ter­field, who was already win­ning prizes for his library in or short­ly after his col­lege days. “I can’t see myself relax­ing until I have accu­mu­lat­ed around 10,000 books,” he said in a 2008 inter­view. His home, as cap­tured in Ken­ny’s video, now con­tains dou­ble that amount, but the thu­mos clear­ly has­n’t desert­ed him just yet.

Relat­ed con­tent:

Watch Umber­to Eco Walk Through His Immense Pri­vate Library: It Goes On, and On, and On!

Jorge Luis Borges Selects 74 Books for Your Per­son­al Library

Take a Vir­tu­al Tour of Jane Austen’s Library

Dis­cov­er the 1126 Books in John Cage’s Per­son­al Library: Fou­cault, Joyce, Wittgen­stein, Vir­ginia Woolf, Buck­min­ster Fuller & More

The 321 Books in David Fos­ter Wallace’s Per­son­al Library: From Blood Merid­i­an to Con­fes­sions of an Unlike­ly Body­builder

Why Learn Latin?: 5 Videos Make a Com­pelling Case That the “Dead Lan­guage” Is an “Eter­nal Lan­guage”

Based in Seoul, Col­in Marshall writes and broad­casts on cities, lan­guage, and cul­ture. He’s the author of the newslet­ter Books on Cities as well as the books 한국 요약 금지 (No Sum­ma­riz­ing Korea) and Kore­an Newtro. Fol­low him on the social net­work for­mer­ly known as Twit­ter at @colinmarshall.

Hip 1960s Latin Teacher Translated Beatles Songs into Latin for His Students: Read Lyrics for “O Teneum Manum,” “Diei Duri Nox” & More

I’ve inter­act­ed with many enter­tain­ing lan­guage-learn­ing resources in var­i­ous classes—from minis­eries in Span­ish to com­ic books in French—all geared toward mak­ing the unfa­mil­iar lan­guage rel­e­vant to dai­ly life. Learn­ing coun­ter­in­tu­itive pro­nun­ci­a­tions, pars­ing a new sys­tem of gram­mar, or mem­o­riz­ing the gen­ders of word after word can be labo­ri­ous and intim­i­dat­ing in the class­room. Doing so in every­day pop cul­tur­al set­tings, not as much.

When it comes to the teach­ing of dead lan­guages, the resources can seem less approach­able. I cer­tain­ly appre­ci­ate the lit­er­ary and rhetor­i­cal genius of Vir­gil, Ovid, Horace, Cicero, and Julius Cae­sar. But dur­ing my high school years, I did not always find their work easy to read in Eng­lish, much less in for­mal clas­si­cal Latin. The ela­tion I felt after suc­cess­ful­ly trans­lat­ing a pas­sage was some­times damp­ened as I puz­zled over his­tor­i­cal notes and gloss­es that often left me with more ques­tions than answers.

That’s not at all to say that stu­dents of Latin shouldn’t be exposed to cul­tur­al and his­tor­i­cal con­text or read the finest exem­plars of the writ­ten lan­guage. Only that a break from the heavy stuff now and then goes a long way. Might I sub­mit to Latin instruc­tors one inge­nious tool from Eddie O’Hara, for­mer British Labour Par­ty MP and clas­sics teacher? O’Hara passed away in May 2016, and not long after his death, his son Ter­ry O’Hara tweet­ed these trans­la­tions of Bea­t­les songs (includ­ing two Christ­mas tunes) his father made in the 60s for his stu­dents. At the time, these were the height of pop cul­ture rel­e­vance, and, while a far cry from the com­plex­i­ties of the Aeneid, a fun way for Latin learn­ers to relate to a lan­guage that can seem cold and impos­ing.

I will admit, my Latin has fall­en into such a state that I can’t imme­di­ate­ly vouch for the accu­ra­cy or ele­gance of these trans­la­tions (“cue fierce argu­ments among Latin gram­mar­i­ans,” replies one Twit­ter user), but there’s no rea­son to doubt Mr. O’Hara knew his stuff. ““He was a born edu­ca­tor,” his son remem­bers, “He was a teacher and clas­si­cist by back­ground and he had a strong inter­est in edu­ca­tion­al mat­ters and Greek cul­tur­al her­itage.” Edu­cat­ed him­self at Mag­dalen Col­lege, Oxford, O’Hara taught at Perse School, Cam­bridge, Birken­head School, and in the ear­ly 70s, C.F. Mott Col­lege in the Bea­t­les’ own Liv­er­pool.

In addi­tion to his role as a states­man, the Liv­er­pool Echo remem­bers O’Hara’s many decades as “a pop­u­lar teacher who brought class­es to life trans­lat­ing Bea­t­les lyrics into Latin.” We do not have any indi­ca­tion of whether he actu­al­ly tried to sing the lyrics, though his stu­dents sure­ly must have attempt­ed it. What must the cho­rus of “All My Lov­ing” sound like as “Ita totum amorem dabo, Tibi totum, numquam cess­a­ba”? Or “She Loves You” as “Amat te, mehercle”? Singing them to myself, I can see that O’Hara was sen­si­tive to the meter of the orig­i­nal Eng­lish in his Latin ren­der­ings. But I’d real­ly love to see some­one set these to music and make a video. Any of our read­ers up to the chal­lenge?

Final­ly, since ear­ly six­ties Bea­t­les lyrics aren’t as like­ly to engage stu­dents in 2017, what pop cul­tur­al mate­r­i­al would you trans­late today—classics teach­ers out there—to reach the bemused, bewil­dered, and the bored? If you’re already hard at work using hip resources in the class­room, please do share them with us in the com­ments!

Note: To view the images in a larg­er for­mat, please click on the links to these indi­vid­ual images: Image 1 - Image 2Image 3. When the image opens, click on it again to zoom in.

Note 2: An ear­li­er ver­sion of this post appeared on our site in 2017.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Hear Nirvana’s “Smells Like Teen Spir­it” Per­formed in Clas­si­cal Latin

Can Mod­ern-Day Ital­ians Under­stand Latin? A YouTu­ber Puts It to the Test on the Streets of Rome

They Might Be Giants’ John Lin­nell Releas­es an EP of Songs in Latin

The Sto­ry of Lorem Ipsum: How Scram­bled Text by Cicero Became Used by Type­set­ters Every­where

Josh Jones is a writer and musi­cian based in Durham, NC. 

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