SomeÂtimes less is more. SomeÂtimes silence says more than words or sound itself. John Cage knew it. DitÂto our finest filmÂmakÂers. That’s the takeÂaway from When Words Fail in Movies–a new video essay that stitchÂes togethÂer 15 scenes from iconÂic films by HitchÂcock, Kubrick, FelliÂni and othÂers. CreÂatÂed by David Verdeure at FilmÂscalpel, the clip lets us medÂiÂtate on “the meanÂingÂful use of silence” in the sound-film era. FanÂdor has pulled togethÂer a list of scenes used in the monÂtage. Find them below:
The Matrix, dir. Lana WachowsÂki and LilÂly WachowsÂki. SilÂver PicÂtures, USA, 1999. 136 mins.
The GodÂfaÂther: Part III, dir. FranÂcis Ford CopÂpoÂla. Zoetrope StuÂdios, USA, 1990. 162 mins.
Mon Oncle, dir. Jacques Tati. SpecÂta films et al., France, 1958. 117 mins.
2001: A Space Odyssey, dir. StanÂley Kubrick. StanÂley Kubrick ProÂducÂtions, UK / USA, 1968. 149 mins.
Lost in TransÂlaÂtion, dir. Sofia CopÂpoÂla. AmerÂiÂcan Zoetrope et al., USA, 2003. 101 mins.
On the WaterÂfront, dir., Elia Kazan. HoriÂzon PicÂtures et al., USA, 1954. 108 mins.
The GradÂuÂate, dir. Mike Nichols. Lawrence TurÂman, USA, 1967. 106 mins.
The LoneÂliÂness of the Long DisÂtance RunÂner, dir. Tony RichardÂson. WoodÂfall Film ProÂducÂtions, UK, 1962. 104 mins.
North by NorthÂwest, dir. Alfred HitchÂcock. Metro-GoldÂwyn-MayÂer, USA, 1959. 136 mins.
In the Mood for Love, dir. Wong Kar-Wai. Block 2 PicÂtures et al., Hong Kong / ChiÂna, 2000. 158 mins.
The MarÂtÂian, dir. RidÂley Scott. Scott Free ProÂducÂtions et al., USA, 2015. 144 mins.
The DisÂcreet Charm of the BourÂgeoisie, dir. Luis Buñuel. GreenÂwich Film ProÂducÂtions, France, 1972. 102 mins.
The ConÂverÂsaÂtion, dir. FranÂcis Ford CopÂpoÂla. AmerÂiÂcan Zoetrope et al., USA, 1974. 113 mins.
Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, dir. David Lynch. Twin Peaks ProÂducÂtions et al., USA, 1992. 135 mins.
La Dolce Vita, dir. FedÂeriÂco FelliÂni. RiaÂma Film et al., Italy, 1960. 180 mins.
If you would like to supÂport the misÂsion of Open CulÂture, conÂsidÂer makÂing a donaÂtion to our site. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your conÂtriÂbuÂtions will help us conÂtinÂue proÂvidÂing the best free culÂturÂal and eduÂcaÂtionÂal mateÂriÂals to learnÂers everyÂwhere. You can conÂtribute through PayÂPal, PatreÂon, and VenÂmo (@openculture). Thanks!
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
John Cage PerÂforms His Avant-Garde Piano Piece 4’33” … in 1’22” (HarÂvard Square, 1973)
Thomas Edison’s Silent Film of the “Fartiste” Who DelightÂed Crowds at Le Moulin Rouge (1900)
101 Free Silent Films: The Great ClasÂsics
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For those who write for a livÂing, the issue of writer’s block doesn’t come up as often as teleÂviÂsion and movies may have othÂers believe. Sure, there’s plenÂty of times where the words don’t flow like they should. Or a writer may find they’ve writÂten driÂvÂel and start again. Or the beginÂning proves eluÂsive. Or the end proves tricky. But that clichĂ© of the harÂried writer, sitÂting in front of a blank sheet of paper (maybe with the dauntÂing “ChapÂter One” hovÂerÂing at the top)? Maybe not so much.
In this short video made for the Louisiana ChanÂnel (a YouTube chanÂnel for the Louisiana MuseÂum of ModÂern Art in DenÂmark), the blank page is anyÂthing but terÂriÂfyÂing for the eight authors interÂviewed.
“I don’t think writer’s block actuÂalÂly exists,” says Philipp MeyÂer. “It’s basiÂcalÂly inseÂcuÂriÂty. It’s your own interÂnal critÂic turned up to a highÂer levÂel than it’s supÂposed to be at that moment…The point is to get someÂthing down on paper.”
Alaa Al-Aswany makes the most philoÂsophÂiÂcal point, callÂing writÂing the “conÂflict between what you want to say and what you could say.”
Many of the authors interÂviewed, like Jonathan Franzen, Lydia Davis, and Joyce CarÂol Oates agree on a simÂiÂlar point: the writer’s mind must have prepped and writÂten and researched long before the body sits and the hands write. “By the time I come to the blank page I have many things to say,” Oates says.
For othÂer writÂers, the blank page is a symÂbol of potenÂtial. For David Mitchell it’s a door that opens onto infinÂiÂty. For MarÂgaret Atwood, the page “beckÂons you in to write someÂthing on it. It must be filled.”
Daniel Kehlmann fills his in longÂhand and calls it “deeply satÂisÂfyÂing” even though writÂing that first draft is the “least joyÂful part of writÂing.”
In the final minute, David Mitchell does tackÂle the idea of a writer’s block, but his sugÂgesÂtion is not worth spoilÂing, so go ahead and watch the whole thing. And if you’re a writer watchÂing this video because you’re procrastinating…get back to work!
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
Stephen King CreÂates a List of 96 Books for AspirÂing WritÂers to Read
The DaiÂly Habits of Famous WritÂers: Franz KafÂka, HaruÂki MurakaÂmi, Stephen King & More
Ray BradÂbury Gives 12 Pieces of WritÂing Advice to Young Authors (2001)
Ted Mills is a freeÂlance writer on the arts who curÂrentÂly hosts the artist interÂview-based FunkZone PodÂcast. You can also folÂlow him on TwitÂter at @tedmills, read his othÂer arts writÂing at tedmills.com and/or watch his films here.
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Image by Erinc Salor and The NecÂesÂsary Evil, via WikiÂmeÂdia ComÂmons
Heads up: In the latÂest episode of the WTF podÂcast, filmÂmakÂer WernÂer HerÂzog pays a visÂit to Marc Maron’s garage in Los AngeÂles, and they get into a wide-rangÂing conÂverÂsaÂtion, talkÂing about HerÂzog’s upbringÂing in war-torn GerÂmany, his upcomÂing film projects and a good deal more. But inevitably they focus on HerÂzog’s new film, a medÂiÂtaÂtion on the interÂnet and techÂnolÂoÂgy called Lo And Behold: ReverÂies Of The ConÂnectÂed World, which opens in theÂaters this FriÂday. You can also watch it at home.
Feel free to stream Maron and HerÂzog’s conÂverÂsaÂtion below. It starts around the 33:30 mark. Or hear it over at Maron’s webÂsite.
If you would like to supÂport the misÂsion of Open CulÂture, conÂsidÂer makÂing a donaÂtion to our site. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your conÂtriÂbuÂtions will help us conÂtinÂue proÂvidÂing the best free culÂturÂal and eduÂcaÂtionÂal mateÂriÂals to learnÂers everyÂwhere. You can conÂtribute through PayÂPal, PatreÂon, and VenÂmo (@openculture). Thanks!
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
WernÂer HerÂzog Will Teach His First Online Course on FilmÂmakÂing
WernÂer HerÂzog Picks His 5 Favorite Films
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Image by Pete Wesch, via WikiÂmeÂdia ComÂmons
Philip K. Dick died in 1982. His disÂtincÂtive, some say visionÂary brand of psyÂchoÂlogÂiÂcal sci-fi litÂerÂaÂture, howÂevÂer, has lived on, provÂing its endurance in part by takÂing new forms. Blade RunÂner, RidÂley ScotÂt’s hugeÂly influÂenÂtial adapÂtaÂtion of DickÂ’s Do Androids Dream of ElecÂtric Sheep?, preÂmiered just three months after the author’s deparÂture. More films folÂlowed over the years, includÂing Paul VerÂhoÂeven’s Total Recall (an adapÂtaÂtion of “We Can RememÂber It for You WholeÂsale”), Steven SpielÂberg’s MinorÂiÂty Report, Richard LinÂklater’s A ScanÂner DarkÂly, and many othÂers.
DickÂ’s work has also proÂvidÂed the basis for radio draÂmas, teleÂviÂsion shows (most recentÂly NetÂflix’s The Man in the High CasÂtle, with an ambiÂtious antholÂoÂgy series comÂing to ChanÂnel 4 this spring), and stage proÂducÂtions.
TypÂiÂcalÂly, these adapÂtaÂtions use the stoÂries and novÂels in which Dick wrote the setÂting, plot, and charÂacÂters with relÂaÂtive straightÂforÂwardÂness. OthÂer, latÂer works found him plungÂing as deep into phiÂlosÂoÂphy and autoÂbiÂogÂraÂphy as into sciÂence ficÂtion. The change hapÂpened around the time he saw a mysÂteÂriÂous pink light and met God in 1974, or claimed to, and it proÂduced a final set of novÂels known as the VALIS trilÂoÂgy.
The fracÂtured tale of an authoÂrÂiÂal alter-ego named Horselover Fat, VALIS (short for “Vast Active LivÂing IntelÂliÂgence SysÂtem”), the first book in the trilÂoÂgy, involves an alien space probe, WaterÂgate, the MesÂsiÂah, lasers, and a range of refÂerÂences to reliÂgions like ChrisÂtianÂiÂty, GnosÂtiÂcism, BudÂdhism, GnosÂtiÂcism, ZoroasÂtriÂanÂism, and the Red Cross BrothÂerÂhood; phiÂlosÂoÂphy from the ancient Greeks to PlaÂto, PasÂcal, and SchopenÂhauer; and culÂturÂal figÂures like HanÂdel, WagÂnÂer, Goethe, and Frank ZapÂpa. It would take an ambiÂtious mind indeed to adapt such a thing: specifÂiÂcalÂly, it took the mind of Tod Machover, comÂposÂer and direcÂtor of MIT’s Media Lab, who turned it into an opera in 1987.
“We live in a world that is becomÂing in fact more and more fragÂmentÂed, more and more comÂplex,” says Machover on the relÂeÂvance of VALIS at an interÂview at the Philip K. Dick Fan Site. “You don’t have to have a pink light expeÂriÂence to realÂize that there is too much inforÂmaÂtion to not only be aware of but to make any kind of sense out of.” He describes this “incredÂiÂble feelÂing of the world being not only too comÂplex for any one perÂson to make sense out of but also danÂgerÂousÂly comÂplex, to the point where peoÂple will not only not underÂstand each othÂer but end up hatÂing each othÂer and being absoluteÂly crushed under the burÂden of just tryÂing to make sense with how much there is to know.”
In his VALIS opera, which preÂmiered at Paris’ CenÂtre Georges PomÂpiÂdou with instalÂlaÂtions creÂatÂed by video artist CatherÂine Ikam, Machover tried to get that feelÂing artisÂtiÂcalÂly across, and you can hear it free on SpoÂtiÂfy. (If you don’t have SpoÂtiÂfy’s softÂware, you can downÂload it here. There’s a Youtube verÂsion right above.) Back then in the 80s, he says, it “seemed like through our media and comÂmuÂniÂcaÂtions there’d be a kind of facile way of conÂnectÂing peoÂple, a sort of pasÂsivÂiÂty and turnÂing on your cable TV and seeÂing what’s going on today in Tokyo or in Europe and you sort of feel like you can take all this stuff in. But in fact I think what we’re seeÂing now is exactÂly what Dick preÂdictÂed, which is that it ain’t that easy.” And it sure hasÂn’t got any easÂiÂer.
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
Philip K. Dick Takes You Inside His Life-ChangÂing MysÂtiÂcal ExpeÂriÂence
Hear 6 ClasÂsic Philip K. Dick StoÂries AdaptÂed as VinÂtage Radio Plays
33 Sci-Fi StoÂries by Philip K. Dick as Free Audio Books & Free eBooks
Based in Seoul, ColÂin MarÂshall writes and broadÂcasts on cities and culÂture. He’s at work on a book about Los AngeÂles, A Los AngeÂles Primer, the video series The City in CinÂeÂma, the crowdÂfundÂed jourÂnalÂism project Where Is the City of the Future?, and the Los AngeÂles Review of Books’ Korea Blog. FolÂlow him on TwitÂter at @colinmarshall or on FaceÂbook.
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PerÂmit us a couÂple of great overÂsimÂpliÂfiÂcaÂtions: HanÂnah Arendt became well-known by writÂing about evil. Video games, espeÂcialÂly clasÂsic ones, usuÂalÂly chalÂlenge the playÂer to fight some kind of evil. And so we have a suitÂable, if at first seemÂingÂly inconÂgruÂous, meetÂing of form and subÂstance in this video, “What is Evil?,” from the 8‑Bit PhiÂlosÂoÂphy series. It casts the 20th-cenÂtuÂry politÂiÂcal theÂoÂrist as the hero this time around, renÂderÂing in vinÂtage video-game aesÂthetÂics her quest not simÂply to fight evil, but to idenÂtiÂfy evil — a much more trouÂbling enterÂprise.
“TraÂdiÂtionÂal conÂcepÂtions of evil focus on the utter monÂstrosÂiÂty of evil actions — the comÂplete awe and unthinkÂaÂbilÂiÂty of horÂror,” says the narÂraÂtor. “Called pure or radÂiÂcal evil, this is the sort of evil assoÂciÂatÂed with antagÂoÂnists or vilÂlains — is is the antitheÂsis of good.”
It also hapÂpens to be just the sort of obviÂous straight-up evil video games tend to put their playÂers up against: eneÂmy ships you can only shoot down before they shoot you down, mad docÂtors you can only blow up before they blow the world up, monÂsters you can can only jump on before they eat you.
Arendt startÂed seeÂing things difÂferÂentÂly from this black-and-white (or in the case of eight-bit video games, 64-colÂor) conÂcepÂtion after she saw the triÂal of Adolf EichÂmann. “Put on triÂal for numerÂous horÂrors, EichÂmann was found guilty of crimes against humanÂiÂty — espeÂcialÂly against the JewÂish peoÂple, for overÂseeÂing the trains that transÂportÂed peoÂple to Nazi death camps.” Sound like a mean piece of work though the guy may, Arendt beheld in the courtÂroom “an altoÂgethÂer innocuÂous and seemÂingÂly norÂmal litÂtle man,” a “stereoÂtypÂiÂcal bureauÂcrat” who “nevÂer stopped to put himÂself in anyÂone else’s shoes,” driÂven by an “unquesÂtionÂing sense of obligÂaÂtion to authorÂiÂty.”
To put it in video-game terms, Arendt expectÂed the sort of grotesque, cackÂling big boss that appears in the last stage, and she got the kind of drone who simÂply stands around waitÂing to be slain with one hit in the first. This led her to coin her immorÂtal phrase “the banalÂiÂty of evil,” which, she explains in EichÂmann in Jerusalem, describes it “only on the strictÂly facÂtuÂal levÂel. He was not stuÂpid. It was thoughtÂlessÂness, someÂthing by no means idenÂtiÂcal to stuÂpidÂiÂty. Such remoteÂness from realÂiÂty can wreak more havÂoc than all the instincts takÂen togethÂer.” And what kind of sword, laser, or powÂer-up could defeat that?
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
ExisÂtenÂtial PhiÂlosÂoÂphy of Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus Explained with 8‑Bit Video Games
Based in Seoul, ColÂin MarÂshall writes and broadÂcasts on cities and culÂture. He’s at work on a book about Los AngeÂles, A Los AngeÂles Primer, the video series The City in CinÂeÂma, the crowdÂfundÂed jourÂnalÂism project Where Is the City of the Future?, and the Los AngeÂles Review of Books’ Korea Blog. FolÂlow him on TwitÂter at @colinmarshall or on FaceÂbook.
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There was a time when drawÂing up a list of your top ten favorite films of all time would sufÂfice to estabÂlish yourÂself as a cinephile. But subÂseÂquent genÂerÂaÂtions of ever more obsesÂsive film-lovers have upped the ante — as, even more influÂenÂtialÂly, have the filmÂmakÂer-cinephiles. Quentin TaranÂtiÂno (on whose favorite movies we have postÂed many a time) may still stand as that tribe’s livÂing archeÂtype, but his sucÂcesÂsors have made no secrets of the cinÂeÂma they admire. Take, for instance, Edgar Wright, direcÂtor of such intelÂliÂgent comeÂdies as Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz, and The World’s End, and author (with MUBI’s Sam DiSÂalle) of a list of his top thouÂsand favorite films of all time.
“Arranged in chronoÂlogÂiÂcal order, Wright’s list kicks off with Robert Wiene’s 1920 clasÂsic The CabÂiÂnet of Dr. CaliÂgari and conÂcludes with NicoÂlas WindÂing Refn’s conÂtroÂverÂsial horÂror flick The Neon Demon, which opened this year,” writes EnterÂtainÂment WeekÂly’s DecÂvan CogÂgan. “In between are 998 eclecÂtic choicÂes, includÂing everyÂthing from CitÂiÂzen Kane and The GodÂfaÂther to The LobÂster and The LEGO Movie.” That may not come as much of a surÂprise to Wright’s fans, who appreÂciÂate the eclecÂtic senÂsiÂbilÂiÂty, both aesÂthetÂic and comedic, that perÂmeÂates his films. Now they have a guide to folÂlow, through its influÂence on his thorÂoughÂly 21st-cenÂtuÂry work, into nearÂly the entire hisÂtoÂry of cinÂeÂma.
In fact, they can start right now with no fewÂer than ten picÂtures from the earÂliÂer part of his chronoÂlogÂiÂcalÂly-arranged list. FolÂlow the links below to our posts on them here on Open CulÂture, where you can watch them for free. The ones with an asterÂisk you can watch right here on this page.
HyperÂkiÂnetÂic humor, snapÂpy diaÂlogue, unreÂalÂiÂty, dystopia, menÂace: all qualÂiÂties just as present in these clasÂsic movies as in Wright’s own. Once you’ve seen them, you’ll find your appreÂciÂaÂtion for his back catÂaÂlog has risen to a whole new levÂel — and they’ll no doubt place you well to have the fullest posÂsiÂble viewÂing expeÂriÂence of his latÂest picÂture, a crime comÂeÂdy called Baby DriÂver, when it hits theÂaters next year.
via EnterÂtainÂment WeekÂly
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
Quentin TaranÂtiÂno Picks the 12 Best Films of All Time; Watch Two of His Favorites Free Online
MarÂtin ScorsÂese Makes a List of 85 Films Every AspirÂing FilmÂmakÂer Needs to See
Orson Welles Names His 10 Favorite Films: From Chaplin’s City Lights to Ford’s StageÂcoach
1,150 Free Movies Online: Great ClasÂsics, Indies, Noir, WestÂerns, etc.
Based in Seoul, ColÂin MarÂshall writes and broadÂcasts on cities and culÂture. He’s at work on a book about Los AngeÂles, A Los AngeÂles Primer, the video series The City in CinÂeÂma, the crowdÂfundÂed jourÂnalÂism project Where Is the City of the Future?, and the Los AngeÂles Review of Books’ Korea Blog. FolÂlow him on TwitÂter at @colinmarshall or on FaceÂbook.
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A few years ago, WernÂer HerÂzog’s acclaimed Cave of ForÂgotÂten Dreams pulled off an unlikeÂly comÂbiÂnaÂtion of techÂnolÂoÂgy and subÂject matÂter, using the latÂest in 3D cinÂeÂma to capÂture the oldÂest known manÂmade images. But in the view of French archaeÂolÂoÂgist and filmÂmakÂer Marc AzĂ©Âma, it must have made perÂfect sense as a kind of closÂing of a grand culÂturÂal loop. More than twenÂty years of research has made him see the kind of up to 32,000-year-old cave paintÂings shown in HerÂzog’s film as sequenÂtial images of man and beast, not just staÂtÂic ones — movÂing picÂtures, if you like — that emerge when arranged in a cerÂtain way.
AzĂ©Âma’s short video “SequenÂtial AniÂmaÂtion: The First PaleÂolithÂic AniÂmatÂed PicÂtures” does that arrangÂing for us, revealÂing how the earÂly anatomÂiÂcal sketchÂes found on the walls of caves in France and PorÂtuÂgal depict aniÂmal moveÂment as the human artists perÂceived it. The conÂnecÂtion to modÂern cinÂeÂma, if you go through EadÂweard MuyÂbridge’s nineÂteenth-cenÂtuÂry studÂies of motion and then on to the prodÂucts of the Lumière brothÂers’ earÂly movie camÂera, looks clear indeed. Once we figÂured out how to satÂisÂfy our ages-long curiosÂiÂty about how things move, we then, human ambiÂtion being what it is, had to find a way to turn the disÂcovÂery toward artisÂtic ends again.
“I don’t think it’s too much to call it an earÂly form of cinÂeÂma,” says AzĂ©Âma in the segÂment from PRI’s The World embedÂded above. “It was the first grand form of comÂmuÂniÂcaÂtion, with an audiÂence and picÂtures.” He points to the key conÂcept of retiÂnal perÂsisÂtence, or perÂsisÂtence of vision, “when you’ve got an image, then a sucÂcesÂsive image, and anothÂer image, and the retiÂna folÂlows what’s comÂing next,” which makes cinÂeÂma posÂsiÂble in the first place — and which earÂly man, who “had the need to get the images out of his brain and on the wall,” seems to have known someÂthing about. And what, we can hardÂly resist wonÂderÂing, will cinÂeÂma look like to the future genÂerÂaÂtions who will regard even our biggest-budÂget 3D specÂtaÂcles as, essenÂtialÂly, preÂhisÂtoric cave paintÂings?
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
The HisÂtoÂry of the Movie CamÂera in Four MinÂutes: From the Lumiere BrothÂers to Google Glass
Watch the Films of the Lumière BrothÂers & the Birth of CinÂeÂma (1895)
We Were WanÂderÂers on a PreÂhisÂtoric Earth: A Short Film Inspired by Joseph ConÂrad
Based in Seoul, ColÂin MarÂshall writes and broadÂcasts on cities and culÂture. He’s at work on a book about Los AngeÂles, A Los AngeÂles Primer, the video series The City in CinÂeÂma, the crowdÂfundÂed jourÂnalÂism project Where Is the City of the Future?, and the Los AngeÂles Review of Books’ Korea Blog. FolÂlow him on TwitÂter at @colinmarshall or on FaceÂbook.
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The shibÂboÂleths of our politÂiÂcal culÂture have trendÂed lateÂly toward the loatheÂsome, crude, and comÂpleteÂly speÂcious to such a degree that at least one promiÂnent columÂnist has summed up the ongoÂing specÂtaÂcle in CleveÂland as “grotesÂquerie… on a levÂel unique in the hisÂtoÂry of our repubÂlic.” It’s imposÂsiÂble to quanÂtiÂfy such a thing, but the senÂtiÂment feels accuÂrate in the ferÂvor of the moment. We’ll hear a torÂrent of well-worn counter-clichĂ©s at the othÂer parÂty’s big conÂvenÂtion, and one of them that’s sure to come up again and again is the phrase “nation of immiÂgrants.” The U.S., we’re told over and over, is a “nation of immiÂgrants.” And it is. Or has become so, though the term “immiÂgrant” is not an uncomÂpliÂcatÂed one, as we’ve seen in the EU’s strugÂgle to parse “refugees” from “ecoÂnomÂic migrants.”

The U.S. is also a nation of indigeÂnous peoÂple and forÂmer slaves, indenÂtured serÂvants, and setÂtler colonists, all very difÂferÂent histories—and acaÂdÂeÂmÂic hisÂtoÂriÂans are careÂful not to blur the catÂeÂgories, even if politiÂcians, ordiÂnary citÂiÂzens, and textÂbook pubÂlishÂers often do. Yet rhetoric about who owns the counÂtry, and who gets to “take it back,” clouds every issue—it belongs to everyÂone and no one, or as WalÂlace Stevens put it, “this is everybody’s world.”

But when we talk about the hisÂtoÂry of immiÂgraÂtion, we usuÂalÂly talk about a speÂcifÂic hisÂtoÂry datÂing from the mid-19th to earÂly-20th cenÂtuÂry, durÂing which diverse groups of peoÂple arrived from all over the world, bringÂing with them their lanÂguages, cusÂtoms, food, and culÂtures, and only slowÂly becomÂing “AmerÂiÂcans” as they natÂuÂralÂized and assimÂiÂlatÂed to varÂiÂous degrees, forcibly or othÂerÂwise. We also talk about a legal hisÂtoÂry that proÂscribed cerÂtain kinds of peoÂple and creÂatÂed hierÂarÂchies of desirÂable and undeÂsirÂable immiÂgrants with respect to ethÂnic and nationÂal oriÂgin and ecoÂnomÂic staÂtus.

MilÂlions of the peoÂple who arrived durÂing the peak of U.S. immiÂgraÂtion passed through the immiÂgraÂtion inspecÂtion staÂtion at New York’s Ellis Island, which operÂatÂed between the years 1882 and 1954. The indiÂvidÂuÂals and famÂiÂlies who spent any time there were workÂing peoÂple and peasÂants. Among new arrivals, “the first and secÂond class pasÂsenÂgers were conÂsidÂered wealthy enough,” writes The PubÂlic Domain Review, “not to become a burÂden to the state and were examÂined onboard the ships while the poorÂer pasÂsenÂgers were sent to the island where they underÂwent medÂical examÂiÂnaÂtions and legal inspecÂtions.”

Many of these indiÂvidÂuÂals also sat for porÂtraits takÂen by the Chief RegÂistry Clerk AugusÂtus SherÂman while “waitÂing for monÂey, travÂel tickÂets or someÂone to come and colÂlect them from the island.” Sherman’s camÂera capÂtured strikÂing images like the poised GuadeÂlouÂpean woman in proÂfile at the top, the defiÂant GerÂman stowÂaway below her, stern DanÂish man furÂther down, AlgerÂian man and ItalÂian woman above, and severe-lookÂing trio of Dutch women and GeorÂgian man below.

These phoÂtographs date from before 1907, which was the busiest year for Ellis Island, “with an all-time high of 11,747 immiÂgrants arrivÂing in April.” About two perÂcent of immiÂgrants at the time were denied entry because of disÂease, insanÂiÂty, or a crimÂiÂnal backÂground. That perÂcentÂage of peoÂple turned away rose in the folÂlowÂing decade, and the diverÂsiÂty of peoÂple comÂing to the counÂtry narÂrowed sigÂnifÂiÂcantÂly in the 1920s, until the 1924 immiÂgraÂtion act imposed strict quoÂtas, “as immiÂgrants from SouthÂern and EastÂern Europe were seen as infeÂriÂor to the earÂliÂer immiÂgrants from NorthÂern and WestÂern Europe” and those from outÂside the EuroÂpean conÂtiÂnent were limÂitÂed to a tiny fracÂtion of the almost 165,000 allowed that year.

“FolÂlowÂing the Red Scare of 1919,” writes the DenÂsho EncyÂcloÂpeÂdia, “wideÂspread fear of radÂiÂcalÂism fueled anti-forÂeign senÂtiÂment and excluÂsionÂist demands. SupÂportÂers of immiÂgraÂtion legÂisÂlaÂtion stressed recurÂring themes: Anglo-SaxÂon supeÂriÂorÂiÂty and forÂeignÂers as threats to jobs and wages.” Not coinÂciÂdenÂtalÂly, durÂing this time the counÂtry also saw the resurÂgence of the Klu Klux Klan, which—notes PBS—“moved in many states to domÂiÂnate local and state polÂiÂtics.” It was a time that very much resemÂbled our own, sadÂly, as fanatÂiÂcal nativism and white supremaÂcy became domÂiÂnant strains in the politÂiÂcal disÂcourse, accomÂpaÂnied by much fearÂmonÂgerÂing, demÂaÂgoguery, and vioÂlence. (It was also in the teens and twenÂties that the idea of a supeÂriÂor “WestÂern CivÂiÂlizaÂtion” was inventÂed.)

The porÂtraits above were pubÂlished in NationÂal GeoÂgraphÂic and “hung on the walls of the lowÂer ManÂhatÂtan headÂquarÂters of the fedÂerÂal ImmiÂgraÂtion SerÂvice” in 1907, before the hysÂteÂria began. They show us the human face of an abstract pheÂnomÂeÂnon far too often used as an epiÂthet or catch-all scare word rather than a fact of human exisÂtence since humans have existÂed. BecomÂing acquaintÂed with the hisÂtoÂry of immiÂgraÂtion in the U.S. allows us to see how we have hanÂdled it well in the past, and how we have hanÂdled it badÂly, and the phoÂtoÂgraphÂic eviÂdence preÂserves the digÂniÂty of the varÂiÂous indiÂvidÂual peoÂple from all over the world who were lumped togethÂer collectively—as they are today—with the loaded word “immiÂgrant.”

These images come from the New York PubÂlic Library’s online archive of Ellis Island PhoÂtographs, which conÂtains 89 phoÂtos in all, includÂing sevÂerÂal exteÂriÂor and inteÂriÂor shots of the island’s facilÂiÂties and many more porÂtraits of arrivÂing peoÂple. We’re grateÂful to the PubÂlic Domain Review (who have a fasÂciÂnatÂing new book on Nitrous Oxide comÂing out) for bringÂing these to our attenÂtion. For more of the NYPL’s huge reposÂiÂtoÂry of hisÂtorÂiÂcal phoÂtographs, see their Flickr gallery of over 2,500 phoÂtos or full digÂiÂtal phoÂtogÂraÂphy colÂlecÂtion of over 180,000 images.

via The PubÂlic Domain Review
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
Josh Jones is a writer and musiÂcian based in Durham, NC. FolÂlow him at @jdmagness.
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It has been a while, but RSA has returned with anothÂer one of their whiteÂboard aniÂmatÂed videos. DurÂing the earÂly days of YouTube, they broke some aesÂthetÂic ground by aniÂmatÂing Slavoj Zizek on the SurÂprisÂing EthÂiÂcal ImpliÂcaÂtions of CharÂiÂtaÂble GivÂing; BarÂbara EhrenÂreÂich (author of NickÂel and Dimed) on The PerÂils of PosÂiÂtive PsyÂcholÂoÂgy; Daniel Pink on The SurÂprisÂing Truth About What MotiÂvates Us, and StanÂford psyÂcholÂoÂgist Philip ZimÂbarÂdo on The Secret PowÂers of Time. Now, they’re back with the influÂenÂtial CamÂbridge econÂoÂmist Ha-Joon Chang explainÂing “why every sinÂgle perÂson can and SHOULD get their head around basic ecoÂnomÂics.” Here, Chang “pulls back the curÂtain on the often mysÂtiÂfyÂing lanÂguage of derivÂaÂtives and quanÂtiÂtaÂtive easÂing, and explains how easÂiÂly ecoÂnomÂic myths and assumpÂtions become gospel,” helpÂing you to “arm yourÂself with some facts” and take part in “disÂcusÂsions about the funÂdaÂmenÂtals that underÂpin our day-to-day lives.” If you want to get up to speed on ecoÂnomÂics, some of the resources below will undoubtÂedÂly give you a hand.
If you would like to supÂport the misÂsion of Open CulÂture, conÂsidÂer makÂing a donaÂtion to our site. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your conÂtriÂbuÂtions will help us conÂtinÂue proÂvidÂing the best free culÂturÂal and eduÂcaÂtionÂal mateÂriÂals to learnÂers everyÂwhere. You can conÂtribute through PayÂPal, PatreÂon, and VenÂmo (@openculture). Thanks!
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
Free Online EcoÂnomÂics CoursÂes
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We humans are a quarÂrelÂsome lot. But one thing that unites us is the time spent on our backs, gazÂing at clouds for the pleaÂsure of idenÂtiÂfyÂing whatÂevÂer objects they may fleetÂingÂly resemÂble.
It’s a very relaxÂing activÂiÂty.
I was surÂprised there’s an actuÂal, medÂical name for it: pareiÂdoÂlia, defined by MerÂriÂam-WebÂster as “the tenÂdenÂcy to perÂceive a speÂcifÂic, often meanÂingÂful, image in a ranÂdom or ambiguÂous visuÂal patÂtern.”
Thomas Lamadieu, the artist whose work is showÂcased above, has a difÂferÂent, but not wholÂly unreÂlatÂed conÂdiÂtion.
Most of us preÂfer to conÂtemÂplate the heavÂens in a bucolÂic setÂting. Lamadieu’s art comÂpels him to look upwards from a more urban landÂscape. The tops of the buildÂings hemÂming him in supÂply with irregÂuÂlarÂly shaped frames, which he capÂtures using a fish eye lens. LatÂer, he fills them in with Microsoft Paint drawÂings, which freÂquentÂly feaÂture a beardÂed man whose t‑shirt is striped in sky blue. NegÂaÂtive space, not CrayÂola, supÂplies the colÂor here.
Think of it as street art in the sky.
Not every day can be a brilÂliant azure, but it hardÂly matÂters when even Lamadieu’s grayest views exhibÂit a deterÂmined playÂfulÂness. It takes a very unique sort of eye to tease a pink nipÂpled, stripe-limbed bunÂny from a steely UK sky.
Like many street artists, he takes a globÂal approach, travÂelÂing the world in search of giant unclaimed canÂvasÂes. His portÂfoÂlio conÂtains visÂtas origÂiÂnalÂly capÂtured in Hong Kong, South Korea, GerÂmany, Spain, AusÂtria, CanaÂda, BelÂgium, and the UnitÂed States, as well as his native France.
“The beardÂed man in my images stands for the sky itself,” he told The IndeÂpenÂdent, adding that his is a wholÂly secÂuÂlar vision.
View a gallery of Lamadieu’s sky art here.
h/t to readÂer Alan GoldÂwassÂer
RelatÂed ConÂtent:
Google Puts Online 10,000 Works of Street Art from Across the Globe
Ayun HalÂlÂiÂday is an author, illusÂtraÂtor, and Chief PriÂmaÂtolÂoÂgist of the East VilÂlage Inky zine. FolÂlow her @AyunHalliday
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