Pixar’s 22 Rules of Storytelling

Every­one from Kurt Von­negut to Ernest Hem­ing­way has shared his ideas on craft­ing sol­id nar­ra­tive writ­ing. One of the most recent sages to join the canon is Emma Coates, Pixar’s for­mer sto­ry artist. Her list of the 22 Rules of Good Sto­ry­telling gleaned on the job has been gain­ing Inter­net trac­tion since it was pub­lished last June.

Twen­ty two? That’s twen­ty more than Tol­stoy. I know some peo­ple enjoy a lot of direc­tion, but those of us who rel­ish bush­whack­ing start to chafe when the road is that heav­i­ly sign­post­ed.

By all means, sam­ple Coates’ Pixar 22 (see them all below). Apply any and all that work for you, though don’t get your hopes up if your ulti­mate goal is to sell a sto­ry to Dream­works or Dis­ney. They’ve got for­mu­las of their own.

As for myself, I am repur­pos­ing #4 — the only rule that does­n’t con­tain an implied order or some deriv­a­tive of “you” — as an extreme­ly jol­ly par­lor game.

Here it is in its orig­i­nal form:

Once upon a time there was ___. Every day, ___. One day ___. Because of that, ___. Because of that, ___. Until final­ly ___.

While it’s entire­ly pos­si­ble to fill in those blanks with the fruits of your own imag­i­na­tion, it’s a true joy to sub­ject one’s most cher­ished lit­er­ary, cin­e­mat­ic, and dra­mat­ic works to this retroac­tive Mad Lib. (It works pret­ty well with estab­lished reli­gions too, but I’m not here to tread on the faith­ful’s toes.)

Warn­ing: there are some major spoil­ers below. Now that that’s out of the way, let the guess­ing begin!

Once upon a time there was a poor fam­i­ly in Okla­homa. Every day, they tried to make it work on their hard­scrab­ble farm. One day their last speck of top soil blew away. Because of that, they decid­ed to seek a bet­ter life in Cal­i­for­nia. Because of that, every able bod­ied young male left the fam­i­ly. Until final­ly their old­est daugh­ter ends up breast­feed­ing a starv­ing stranger.

How about this?

Once upon a time there was a poor young sol­dier. Every day, he dreamed of ris­ing above his sta­tion. One day he met a beau­ti­ful rich girl named Daisy. Because of that, he bought a man­sion where he threw enor­mous par­ties. Because of that, he hooked back up with Daisy. Until final­ly, he gets shot to death in his pool.

There’s no deny­ing that it fits this one like a glove:

Once upon a time there was a kid. Every day, he played with his cow­boy doll. One day he got a space­man doll. Because of that, his inter­est in the cow­boy took a seri­ous nose­dive. Because of that, the cow­boy and the space­man each swore vengeance upon the oth­er’s house. Until final­ly there’s a blood­bath from which no one emerges unscathed.

I could keep go on for­ev­er, but I don’t want to come off as a toy hog. Instead, I invite you to share your filled out Num­ber Fours in the com­ments section…or tell us which of the oth­er twen­ty-one seem most suit­ed to its intend­ed pur­pose.

Pixar’s 22 Rules for Sto­ry­telling

#1: You admire a char­ac­ter for try­ing more than for their suc­cess­es.

#2: You got­ta keep in mind what’s inter­est­ing to you as an audi­ence, not what’s fun to do as a writer. They can be v. dif­fer­ent.

#3: Try­ing for theme is impor­tant, but you won’t see what the sto­ry is actu­al­ly about til you’re at the end of it. Now rewrite.

#4: Once upon a time there was ___. Every day, ___. One day ___. Because of that, ___. Because of that, ___. Until final­ly ___.

#5: Sim­pli­fy. Focus. Com­bine char­ac­ters. Hop over detours. You’ll feel like you’re los­ing valu­able stuff but it sets you free.

#6: What is your char­ac­ter good at, com­fort­able with? Throw the polar oppo­site at them. Chal­lenge them. How do they deal?

#7: Come up with your end­ing before you fig­ure out your mid­dle. Seri­ous­ly. End­ings are hard, get yours work­ing up front.

#8: Fin­ish your sto­ry, let go even if it’s not per­fect. In an ide­al world you have both, but move on. Do bet­ter next time.

#9: When you’re stuck, make a list of what WOULDN’T hap­pen next. Lots of times the mate­r­i­al to get you unstuck will show up.

#10: Pull apart the sto­ries you like. What you like in them is a part of you; you’ve got to rec­og­nize it before you can use it.

#11: Putting it on paper lets you start fix­ing it. If it stays in your head, a per­fect idea, you’ll nev­er share it with any­one.

#12: Dis­count the 1st thing that comes to mind. And the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th – get the obvi­ous out of the way. Sur­prise your­self.

#13: Give your char­ac­ters opin­ions. Passive/malleable might seem lik­able to you as you write, but it’s poi­son to the audi­ence.

#14: Why must you tell THIS sto­ry? What’s the belief burn­ing with­in you that your sto­ry feeds off of? That’s the heart of it.

#15: If you were your char­ac­ter, in this sit­u­a­tion, how would you feel? Hon­esty lends cred­i­bil­i­ty to unbe­liev­able sit­u­a­tions.

#16: What are the stakes? Give us rea­son to root for the char­ac­ter. What hap­pens if they don’t suc­ceed? Stack the odds against.

#17: No work is ever wast­ed. If it’s not work­ing, let go and move on — it’ll come back around to be use­ful lat­er.

#18: You have to know your­self: the dif­fer­ence between doing your best & fuss­ing. Sto­ry is test­ing, not refin­ing.

#19: Coin­ci­dences to get char­ac­ters into trou­ble are great; coin­ci­dences to get them out of it are cheat­ing.

#20: Exer­cise: take the build­ing blocks of a movie you dis­like. How d’you rearrange them into what you DO like?

#21: You got­ta iden­ti­fy with your situation/characters, can’t just write ‘cool’. What would make YOU act that way?

#22: What’s the essence of your sto­ry? Most eco­nom­i­cal telling of it? If you know that, you can build out from there.

via Boing­Bo­ing

- Ayun Hal­l­i­day was not raised to ques­tion author­i­ty.

33 Sci-Fi Stories by Philip K. Dick as Free Audio Books & Free eBooks

PKD

Image by Pete Wesch, via Wiki­me­dia Com­mons

Although he died when he was only 53 years old, Philip K. Dick (1928 – 1982) pub­lished 44 nov­els and 121 short sto­ries dur­ing his life­time and solid­i­fied his posi­tion as the most lit­er­ary of sci­ence fic­tion writ­ers. His nov­el Ubik appears on TIME magazine’s list of the 100 best Eng­lish-lan­guage nov­els, and Dick is the only sci­ence fic­tion writer to get hon­ored in the pres­ti­gious Library of Amer­i­ca series, a kind of pan­theon of Amer­i­can lit­er­a­ture.

If you’re not inti­mate­ly famil­iar with his nov­els, then you assured­ly know major films based on Dick’s work – Blade Run­nerTotal Recall, A Scan­ner Dark­ly and Minor­i­ty Report. Today, we bring you anoth­er way to get acquaint­ed with his writ­ing. We’re pre­sent­ing a selec­tion of Dick’s sto­ries avail­able for free on the web. Below we have culled togeth­er 33 short sto­ries from our two col­lec­tions, 800 Free eBooks for iPad, Kin­dle & Oth­er Devices and 1,000 Free Audio Books: Down­load Great Books for Free. The sto­ries, it appears, are all in the pub­lic domain.

NOTE:  The recent update to this page was assist­ed by this help­ful resource at SFF Audio, which has researched the pub­lic domain sta­tus of many PKD sto­ries and amassed a handy list.

eTexts (find down­load instruc­tions here)

Audio

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Free: Isaac Asimov’s Epic Foun­da­tion Tril­o­gy Dra­ma­tized in Clas­sic Audio

Neil Gaiman’s Free Short Sto­ries and New Year’s Wish­es

Ray Brad­bury Offers 12 Essen­tial Writ­ing Tips and Explains Why Lit­er­a­ture Saves Civ­i­liza­tion

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Six Postcards From Famous Writers: Hemingway, Kafka, Kerouac & More

F. Scott Fitzger­ald to him­self, c. 1937:

F. Scott Fitzgerald postcard

Today we’ve gath­ered togeth­er a group of post­cards from six of the most famous writ­ers of the 20th cen­tu­ry. (Please click the images to see them in a larg­er for­mat.)  Some of the cards are about busi­ness, oth­ers friend­ship. We found them all fas­ci­nat­ing to glance through.

Per­haps the most curi­ous and amus­ing of the cards is the whim­si­cal note F. Scott Fitzger­ald wrote to him­self. (See above.) Fitzger­ald was work­ing as a screen­writer in Hol­ly­wood dur­ing the late 1930s and stayed for awhile at the fabled Gar­den of Allah (now a park­ing lot just down Sun­set Boule­vard from the Chateau Mar­mont), where a num­ber of film and lit­er­ary lumi­nar­ies once lived, includ­ing Errol Fly­nn, Gre­ta Gar­bo, the Marx Broth­ers, Dorothy Park­er and Robert Bench­ley. Lit­tle is known about Fitzger­ald’s post­card to him­self, but alco­hol is gen­er­al­ly assumed to have been involved. The undat­ed card was stamped, but nev­er mailed. In F. Scott Fitzger­ald: A Life in Let­ters, edi­tor Matthew J. Bruc­coli guess­es that it was writ­ten in the sum­mer of 1937.

Jack Ker­ouac to Mal­colm Cow­ley, 1956:

Jack Kerouac Postcard

In 1956, Viking Press edi­tor Mal­colm Cow­ley was a believ­er in Jack Ker­ouac’s tal­ent but was putting off the pub­li­ca­tion of On the Road. In March of that year Cow­ley had cau­tioned the Beat writer about going too far with auto­mat­ic writ­ing. “Auto­mat­ic writ­ing is fine for a start,” Cow­ley said in a let­ter to Ker­ouac, “but it has to be revised and put into shape or peo­ple will quite prop­er­ly refuse to read it–and what you need now is to be read, not to be exhib­it­ed as a sort of nat­ur­al phe­nom­e­non like [the] Old Faith­ful geyser that sends up a jet of steam and mud every hour on the hour.” Ker­ouac was appar­ent­ly stung by the last line, because on July 3 of that year he sent a post­card (above) with a pic­ture of Yel­low­stone Nation­al Park on it, express­ing extreme impa­tience with Cow­ley’s foot-drag­ging. “If you don’t send me a con­tract with an advance (or some kind of option) by Octo­ber first, on On the Road, I am going to with­draw the man­u­script from Viking and sell it else­where. Than have it demeaned I’d rather it were nev­er pub­lished.” A year lat­er Viking pub­lished the nov­el.

James Joyce to Elkin Math­ews, 1908:

James Joyce Postcard

In 1908, James Joyce was four years into his self-imposed exile from Ire­land. He was liv­ing in the Aus­tro-Hun­gar­i­an port city of Tri­este (now part of Italy) and teach­ing at the Berlitz School while try­ing to get his book of short sto­ries, Dublin­ers, into print. One pub­lish­er had already accept­ed the book, but the print­er had refused to pro­duce it for fear of being pros­e­cut­ed on obscen­i­ty charges. On Jan­u­ary 24, 1908 Joyce sent the post­card above to the Lon­don pub­lish­er Charles Elkin Math­ews, who had been hold­ing onto the man­u­script for sev­er­al months, request­ing a deci­sion. Math­ews turned it down. Six more years of headaches fol­lowed for Joyce (with one pub­lish­er actu­al­ly print­ing 1,000 copies of the book only to change his mind and burn them all) before Dublin­ers was final­ly print­ed in 1914 by Grant Richards Ltd.

Franz Kaf­ka et al. to Kurt Wolff, 1913:

Franz Kafka Postcard

Franz Kaf­ka is often pic­tured as a soli­tary fig­ure, brood­ing alone in his room. The post­card above is evi­dence of Kafka’s social side. It was sent on March 25, 1913 from Char­lot­ten­burg, a dis­trict of Berlin, where Kaf­ka was meet­ing with a group of fel­low authors who shared the same pub­lish­er. The writ­ers decid­ed to send a group post­card to their pub­lish­er Kurt Wolff. Kaf­ka writes “Best greet­ings from a ple­nary ses­sion of authors of your house. Otto Pick, Albert Ehren­stein, Carl Ehren­stein. Dear Herr Wolff: Pay no atten­tion to what Wer­fel tells you! He does not know a word of the sto­ry. As soon as I have a clean copy made, I will of course be glad to send it to you. Sin­cere­ly, F. Kaf­ka.” At the bot­tom, in anoth­er hand, is writ­ten “Cor­dial greet­ings from Paul Zech,” and on the front of the post­card is a draw­ing by Else Lasker-Schuler with the name “Abi­gail Basileus III” next to it. The “Wer­fel” Kaf­ka refers to is the Aus­tri­an-Bohemi­an writer Franz Wer­fel, who had told Wolff about Kafka’s unpub­lished novel­la, The Meta­mor­pho­sis. Wolff had expressed inter­est in see­ing “the bug sto­ry.” He pub­lished it two years lat­er, in 1915.

Ernest Hem­ing­way to Gertrude Stein, 1924:

Ernest Hemingway Postcard

In the sum­mer of 1924, Ernest Hem­ing­way trav­eled in Spain to attend bull­fights. On June 9 he sent a post­card from Madrid to his men­tor and fel­low bull­fight­ing fan Gertrude Stein. Hem­ing­way was eager to fill Stein in on the lat­est devel­op­ments. “Tomor­row,” he writes, “six bulls of Mar­tinez with Vil­lal­ta, who is a very won­der­ful kid. Tall and stands out from the rest of them like a wolf. Think he’s going to be the next great one.” Hem­ing­way’s accu­mu­lat­ed knowl­edge of Spain and bull­fight­ing would fig­ure into his break­through nov­el of 1926, The Sun Also Ris­es. Anoth­er post­card from Hem­ing­way to Stein and Alice B. Tok­las appears here.

Kurt Von­negut to David Bre­i­thaupt, 2006:

Kurt Vonnegut Postcard

In the last two decades of his life, Kurt Von­negut cor­re­spond­ed with a young man named David Bre­i­thaupt, whom he had met through Allen Gins­berg. (Bre­i­thaupt had worked part-time as an archivist for Gins­berg in the ear­ly 1980s.) In a 2007 inter­view with The Ner­vous Break­down, Bre­i­thaupt was asked why Von­negut took the time to exchange let­ters with him. “This has mys­ti­fied me over the years,” said Bre­i­thaupt, “but part of the rea­son may have been because Kurt and I were both mid­west­ern­ers. I grew up in cen­tral Ohio and he was a Hoosier next door. We both had Ger­man­ic back­grounds and we were often send­ing sight­ings of the oth­er’s fam­i­ly names to each oth­er. In fact our last cor­re­spon­dence was about Gunter Grass and his out-of-the-clos­et Nazi announce­ment.” Grass had stunned the lit­er­ary world in the sum­mer of 2006 by admit­ting that he was draft­ed into the Waf­fen SS when he was a teenag­er. “As for Grass,” says Von­negut in a Sep­tem­ber, 2006 post­card shown above: “He loves atten­tion. I know him, and as a joke I’ve said ‘Now he’s going to blow my cov­er, because we were in the SS togeth­er.’ If I had been born in Ger­many, I might have joined the com­bat SS, but not, I hope, the death camp sociopaths.”

via Vin­tage Every­day

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Clas­sic works men­tioned above can be found in our col­lec­tion of Free Audio Books and Free eBooks.

Dis­cov­er J.R.R. Tolkien’s Per­son­al Book Cov­er Designs for The Lord of the Rings Tril­o­gy

Jack Kerouac’s Hand-Drawn Cov­er for On the Road (And More Great Cul­ture from Around the Web)

Hen­ri Matisse Illus­trates 1935 Edi­tion of James Joyce’s Ulysses

Hear Jamaica Kincaid’s Classic Story “Girl” Read by Fellow New Yorker Writer Edwidge Danticat

Jamaica Kin­caid is out with her first nov­el in ten years, See Now Then, but she hasn’t been idle, steadi­ly pub­lish­ing non-fic­tion and essays in the span between 2002’s Mr. Pot­ter and now. Kin­caid is a many-faceted woman: Antiguan native, con­tent­ed Ver­mont gar­den­er, improb­a­ble lit­er­ary suc­cess sto­ry, fierce crit­ic of Euro­pean colo­nial­ism. She is also, most like­ly, one of the most anthol­o­gized writ­ers of the past few decades. Any­one who’s tak­en a writ­ing or intro lit class recent­ly has no doubt read her short sto­ry (or prose-poem) “Girl.”

With Kin­caid in the news for her new book, the New York­er’s Page-Turn­er blog caught up with one of her admir­ers, Hait­ian-Amer­i­can author and fel­low New York­er colum­nist Edwidge Dan­ti­cat and asked her to read two of Kincaid’s clas­sic sto­ries, “Girl” and “Wing­less,” pub­lished in the New York­er in 1978 and ’79, for their fic­tion pod­cast. Dan­ti­cat glad­ly oblig­ed (hear the audio above), but not before briefly dis­cussing her rela­tion­ship to Kin­caid and her work.

And for more on the new book, lis­ten to the NPR Kin­caid inter­view with All Things Con­sid­ered’s Celeste Headlee. Kin­caid dis­cuss­es writ­ing, the themes of the new nov­el, and the auto­bi­o­graph­i­cal con­tent in her work. You can read an excerpt from See Here Now here.

The read­ing above has been added to our col­lec­tion of Free Audio Books.

Josh Jones is a writer, edi­tor, and musi­cian based in Wash­ing­ton, DC. Fol­low him @jdmagness

Relat­ed Con­tent:

The New Yorker’s Fic­tion Pod­cast: Where Great Writ­ers Read Sto­ries by Great Writ­ers

Rare 1959 Audio: Flan­nery O’Connor Reads ‘A Good Man is Hard to Find’

David Sedaris Reads You a Sto­ry By Miran­da July

 

Hear Zora Neale Hurston Sing the Bawdy Prison Blues Song “Uncle Bud” (1940)

Last year, we post­ed on a song archive of nov­el­ist and anthro­pol­o­gist Zora Neale Hurston, who, it turns out, was also quite a singer. As she trav­eled through the Amer­i­can South and the Caribbean doing field research in the 1930s and ‘40s, Hurston col­lect­ed and inter­pret­ed sev­er­al folk songs and sto­ries, some­times work­ing with folk­lorists Stet­son Kennedy and Alan Lomax. Hurston dropped off the map for a few decades before a revival of her work in the 1970s caused lit­er­ary schol­ars and his­to­ri­ans to re-eval­u­ate her place in Amer­i­can let­ters. One recent eval­u­a­tion of her work and life, the 2008 PBS Amer­i­can Mas­ters doc­u­men­tary Jump at the Sun, pro­files the writer in all her inde­pen­dence, con­trari­ness, and vig­or. Unfor­tu­nate­ly, the full doc­u­men­tary is not online, but you can order a copy of the award-win­ning film on DVD from Cal­i­for­nia News­reel or Ama­zon.

In the short clip above from Jump at the Sun, you can see footage Hurston shot her­self, over which she sings, in her crys­tal clear alto, a bawdy old-time coun­try blues song called “Uncle Bud.” Hurston called “Uncle Bud” a “jook song,” not the kind of thing sung around (or by) respectable ladies. The song comes from expe­ri­ences with the infa­mous Chief Trans­fer Agent for the Texas prison sys­tem, “Uncle Bud” Rus­sell, whose dread­ed wag­on, “Black Bet­ty,” was pos­si­bly the ref­er­ence for a work song immor­tal­ized by Lead bel­ly, no stranger to Texas pris­ons (Rus­sell also gets a name-check in Lead Bel­ly’s “Mid­night Spe­cial”).

Rus­sell earned his noto­ri­ety, deliv­er­ing 115,000 men and women to prison, includ­ing Clyde Bar­row in 1930. The prison song, with equal­ly pro­fane, but slight­ly dif­fer­ent lyrics, appeared on a 1960 album called The Unex­pur­gat­ed Folk Songs of Men, com­piled by Texas musi­col­o­gist and folk­lorist Mack McCormick, and Texas blues­man Light­nin’ Hop­kins had his own nar­ra­tive of the law­man in “Bud Rus­sell Blues.”

After Hurston’s brief ren­di­tion above, we see a pho­to mon­tage of the author, smil­ing broad­ly, nev­er with­out a rak­ish­ly cocked hat. Part­ly because of the work of folk­lorists and lovers of Amer­i­cana like McCormick and Hurston, songs like “Uncle Bud” stayed in the lex­i­con of pop­u­lar music, trans­mit­ted from obscure folk ren­di­tions to the blues and weav­ing togeth­er work­ing-class black and white blues and folk tra­di­tions that were often nev­er very far apart to begin with. Those worlds come togeth­er in Zyde­co leg­end Boozoo Chavis’ take on “Uncle Bud,” but my favorite ver­sion by far is the lyri­cal­ly cleaned-up, har­mon­i­ca-dri­ven stom­per by Son­ny Ter­ry and Brown­ie McGhee, record­ed in 1956 (below).

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Hear Zora Neale Hurston Sing Tra­di­tion­al Amer­i­can Folk Song “Mule on the Mount” (1939)

Leg­endary Folk­lorist Alan Lomax: ‘The Land Where the Blues Began’

Watch the Only Known Footage of the Leg­endary Blues­man Lead Bel­ly (1935 and 1945)

Josh Jones is a writer, edi­tor, and musi­cian based in Wash­ing­ton, DC. Fol­low him @jdmagness

Seven Tips From William Faulkner on How to Write Fiction

faulkner-UVA

“The young writer would be a fool to fol­low a the­o­ry,” said the Nobel Prize-win­ning author William Faulkn­er in his 1958 Paris Review inter­view. “Teach your­self by your own mis­takes; peo­ple learn only by error. The good artist believes that nobody is good enough to give him advice.”

All the same, Faulkn­er offered plen­ty of advice to young writ­ers in 1957 and 1958, when he was a writer-in-res­i­dence at the Uni­ver­si­ty of Vir­ginia. His var­i­ous lec­tures and pub­lic talks dur­ing that time–some 28 hours of discussion–were tape record­ed and can now be heard at the uni­ver­si­ty’s Faulkn­er audio archive. We combed through the tran­scripts and select­ed sev­en inter­est­ing quo­ta­tions from Faulkn­er on the craft of writ­ing fic­tion. In most cas­es they were points Faulkn­er returned to again and again. Faulkn­er had a way of stam­mer­ing when he com­posed his words out loud, so we have edit­ed out the rep­e­ti­tions and false starts. We have pro­vid­ed links to each of the Vir­ginia audio record­ings, which are accom­pa­nied by word-for-word tran­scripts of each con­ver­sa­tion.

1: Take what you need from oth­er writ­ers.

Faulkn­er had no qualms about bor­row­ing from oth­er writ­ers when he saw a device or tech­nique that was use­ful. In a Feb­ru­ary 25, 1957 writ­ing class he says:

I think the writer, as I’ve said before, is com­plete­ly amoral. He takes what­ev­er he needs, wher­ev­er he needs, and he does that open­ly and hon­est­ly because he him­self hopes that what he does will be good enough so that after him peo­ple will take from him, and they are wel­come to take from him, as he feels that he would be wel­come by the best of his pre­de­ces­sors to take what they had done.

2: Don’t wor­ry about style.

A gen­uine writer–one “dri­ven by demons,” to use Faulkn­er’s phrase–is too busy writ­ing to wor­ry about style, he said. In an April 24, 1958 under­grad­u­ate writ­ing class, Faulkn­er says:

I think the sto­ry com­pels its own style to a great extent, that the writer don’t need to both­er too much about style. If he’s both­er­ing about style, then he’s going to write pre­cious emptiness–not nec­es­sar­i­ly nonsense…it’ll be quite beau­ti­ful and quite pleas­ing to the ear, but there won’t be much con­tent in it.

3:  Write from experience–but keep a very broad def­i­n­i­tion of “expe­ri­ence.”

Faulkn­er agreed with the old adage about writ­ing from your own expe­ri­ence, but only because he thought it was impos­si­ble to do oth­er­wise. He had a remark­ably inclu­sive con­cept of “expe­ri­ence.” In a Feb­ru­ary 21, 1958 grad­u­ate class in Amer­i­can fic­tion, Faulkn­er says:

To me, expe­ri­ence is any­thing you have per­ceived. It can come from books, a book that–a sto­ry that–is true enough and alive enough to move you. That, in my opin­ion, is one of your expe­ri­ences. You need not do the actions that the peo­ple in that book do, but if they strike you as being true, that they are things that peo­ple would do, that you can under­stand the feel­ing behind them that made them do that, then that’s an expe­ri­ence to me. And so, in my def­i­n­i­tion of expe­ri­ence, it’s impos­si­ble to write any­thing that is not an expe­ri­ence, because every­thing you have read, have heard, have sensed, have imag­ined is part of expe­ri­ence.

 4: Know your char­ac­ters well and the sto­ry will write itself.

When you have a clear con­cep­tion of a char­ac­ter, said Faulkn­er, events in a sto­ry should flow nat­u­ral­ly accord­ing to the char­ac­ter’s inner neces­si­ty. “With me,” he said, “the char­ac­ter does the work.” In the same Feb­ru­ary 21, 1958 Amer­i­can fic­tion class as above, a stu­dent asked Faulkn­er whether it was more dif­fi­cult to get a char­ac­ter in his mind, or to get the char­ac­ter down on paper once he had him in his mind. Faulkn­er replies:

I would say to get the char­ac­ter in your mind. Once he is in your mind, and he is right, and he’s true, then he does the work him­self. All you need to do then is to trot along behind him and put down what he does and what he says. It’s the inges­tion and then the ges­ta­tion. You’ve got to know the char­ac­ter. You’ve got to believe in him. You’ve got to feel that he is alive, and then, of course, you will have to do a cer­tain amount of pick­ing and choos­ing among the pos­si­bil­i­ties of his action, so that his actions fit the char­ac­ter which you believe in. After that, the busi­ness of putting him down on paper is mechan­i­cal.

5: Use dialect spar­ing­ly.

In a pair of local radio pro­grams includ­ed in the Uni­ver­si­ty of Vir­ginia audio archive, Faulkn­er has some inter­est­ing things to say about the nuances of the var­i­ous dialects spo­ken by the var­i­ous eth­nic and social groups in Mis­sis­sip­pi. But in the May 6, 1958 broad­cast of “What’s the Good Word?” Faulkn­er cau­tions that it’s impor­tant for a writer not to get car­ried away:

I think it best to use as lit­tle dialect as pos­si­ble because it con­fus­es peo­ple who are not famil­iar with it. That nobody should let the char­ac­ter speak com­plete­ly in his own ver­nac­u­lar. It’s best indi­cat­ed by a few sim­ple, sparse but rec­og­niz­able touch­es.

6: Don’t exhaust your imag­i­na­tion.

“Nev­er write your­self to the end of a chap­ter or the end of a thought,” said Faulkn­er. The advice, giv­en more than once dur­ing his Vir­ginia talks, is vir­tu­al­ly iden­ti­cal to some­thing Ernest Hem­ing­way often said. (See tip num­ber two in “Sev­en Tips From Ernest Hem­ing­way on How to Write Fic­tion.”) In the Feb­ru­ary 25, 1957 writ­ing class, Faulkn­er says:

The only rule I have is to quit while it’s still hot. Nev­er write your­self out. Always quit when it’s going good. Then it’s eas­i­er to take it up again. If you exhaust your­self, then you’ll get into a dead spell and you’ll have trou­ble with it.

7: Don’t make excus­es.

In the same Feb­ru­ary 25, 1957 writ­ing class, Faulkn­er has some blunt words for the frus­trat­ed writer who blames his cir­cum­stances:

I have no patience, I don’t hold with the mute inglo­ri­ous Mil­tons. I think if he’s demon-dri­ven with some­thing to be said, then he’s going to write it. He can blame the fact that he’s not turn­ing out work on lots of things. I’ve heard peo­ple say, “Well, if I were not mar­ried and had chil­dren, I would be a writer.” I’ve heard peo­ple say, “If I could just stop doing this, I would be a writer.” I don’t believe that. I think if you’re going to write you’re going to write, and noth­ing will stop you.

Relat­ed con­tent:

Sev­en Tips From Ernest Hem­ing­way on How to Write Fic­tion

Sev­en Tips From F. Scott Fizger­ald on How to Write Fic­tion

Download the Universe: A Discerning Curator for Science eBooks

download the universe

We all need guides for the over­whelm­ing world of the Inter­net. Dig­i­tal cura­tors are essen­tial to sift­ing through the vast and expand­ing sup­ply of online con­tent because they find the good stuff that’s worth check­ing out.

When Down­load the Uni­verse launched a year ago, the dig­i­tal world gained a smart and dis­cern­ing cura­tor for the grow­ing num­ber of sci­ence ebooks. What a boon for sci­ence lovers. Sci­ence lends itself unique­ly to apps and ebook pub­lish­ing. And doing what dig­i­tal pub­lish­ing does best, a good ebook can bring con­tent to life like no paper­back or hard­cov­er can.

fragile earth

Take Harp­er Collins’ Frag­ile Earth ($2.99 on iTunes), which came out orig­i­nal­ly as a glossy cof­fee table book. Loaded with before and after pho­tos of places on the plan­et scarred by defor­esta­tion and cli­mate change, the book was visu­al­ly stun­ning, if pedan­tic. But when released as an ebook, the whole expe­ri­ence unfold­ed like a beau­ti­ful, heart­break­ing origa­mi.

As Down­load the Uni­verse’s review of the Frag­ile Earth ebook  points out, the app ver­sion ben­e­fits from dig­i­tal tech­nol­o­gy, lay­ing before and after satel­lite images over one anoth­er, rather than side by side, mak­ing the expe­ri­ence of see­ing them  even more pro­found.

color uncovered

Here’s anoth­er one: Col­or Uncov­ered (free on iTunes), pro­duced by San Francisco’s Explorato­ri­um Muse­um, is a rich expe­ri­ence like a muse­um exhib­it itself. Com­bin­ing text with images and inter­ac­tive fea­tures, the ebook explores how the eye per­ceives col­or. The review­er, New York Times con­trib­u­tor Carl Zim­mer, uses his review to dis­cuss what the ebook expe­ri­ence shares with muse­um exhibits.

In the hands of Down­load the Uni­verse, it appears that ebook pub­lish­ing has matured into its own genre, with its own dis­tinct advan­tages.

blindsight

Some­times ebook pub­lish­ers don’t make good use of avail­able fea­tures. This review of Blind­sight by jour­nal­ist Chris Col­in notes that the book’s app ver­sion, telling the sto­ry of a tele­vi­sion direc­tor who suf­fers a brain injury, should have includ­ed neu­ro­log­i­cal back­ground infor­ma­tion in the main sto­ry, not as a sep­a­rate fea­ture.

Down­load the Uni­verse only reviews ebooks in the dig­i­tal uni­verse, not spin-offs from tra­di­tion­al print books. They look at Kin­dle prod­ucts, self-pub­lished pdf man­u­scripts and apps, and they’ve got top-notch tal­ent review­ing this brave new world on our behalf. The edi­to­r­i­al board includes some names you may well rec­og­nize, like Sean Car­roll (Cal­tech physi­cist), Steve Sil­ber­man (Wired), Mag­gie Koerth-Bak­er (Boing Boing), Annalee Newitz (io9), and David Dobbs (NYTimes, Nat Geo, etc.).

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Neil deGrasse Tyson Lists 8 (Free) Books Every Intel­li­gent Per­son Should Read

NASA Presents “The Earth as Art” in a Free eBook and Free iPad App

375 Free eBooks: Down­load to Kin­dle, iPad/iPhone & Nook 

Kate Rix writes about dig­i­tal media and edu­ca­tion. Read more of her work at .

E.E. Cummings Recites ‘Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town,’ 1953

Here’s a great read­ing by E.E. Cum­mings of his famous and wide­ly anthol­o­gized poem, “any­one lived in a pret­ty how town.” The poem has a bit­ter­sweet qual­i­ty, deal­ing with the lone­li­ness of the indi­vid­ual amid the crush­ing con­for­mi­ty of soci­ety, but in a play­ful way, like a nurs­ery rhyme with delight­ful­ly shuf­fled syn­tax.  It is the sto­ry of “any­one,” who lived in “a pret­ty how town” and was loved by “noone.” With the author’s idio­syn­crat­ic omis­sion of some spac­ing, cap­i­tal­iza­tion and punc­tu­a­tion, the poem begins:

any­one lived in a pret­ty how town
(with up so float­ing many bells down)
spring sum­mer autumn win­ter
he sang his did­n’t he danced his did.

Women and men(both lit­tle and small)
cared for any­one not at all
they sowed their isn’t they reaped their same
sun moon stars rain

The poem was first pub­lished as “No. 29” in Cum­mings’s 1940 col­lec­tion 50 Poems. (Click here to open the full text of the poem in a new win­dow.) The record­ing was made on May 28, 1953, when Cum­mings was a vis­it­ing pro­fes­sor at Har­vard. It is avail­able from Harper­Au­dio as part of a one-hour col­lec­tion, Essen­tial E.E. Cum­mings.

You can find the poem list­ed in our col­lec­tions of Free Audio Books and Free eBooks.

Relat­ed Con­tent:

Allen Gins­berg Reads His Famous­ly Cen­sored Beat Poem, Howl

Lis­ten to J.R.R. Tolkien Read Poems from The Fel­low­ship of the Ring, in Elvish and Eng­lish (1952)

Tom Waits Reads Charles Bukowski’s Poem, “The Laugh­ing Heart”

Pier Pao­lo Pasoli­ni Talks and Reads Poet­ry with Ezra Pound (1967)

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